Girl Scout Cookies free essay sample

The  Girl Scouts of the United States of America  (GSUSA) is a  youth organization  for girls in the United States and American girls living abroad. It was founded by  Juliette Gordon Low  in 1912 and was organized after Low met  Robert Baden-Powell, the founder ofScouting, in 1911. [2]  Upon returning to  Savannah, Georgia, she telephoned a distant cousin, saying, Ive got something for the girls of Savannah, and all of America, and all the world, and were going to start it tonight! [3] GSUSA aims to empower girls and to help teach values such as honesty, fairness, courage, compassion, character, sisterhood, confidence, and  citizenship  through activities including  camping,  community service, learning  first aid, and earning badges by acquiring other practical skills. Girl Scouts achievements are recognized through rank advancement and by various special awards such as the bronze award. Girl Scouts welcomed girls with disabilities early in their history , at a time when they were not included in most other activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Girl Scout Cookies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [3] Membership is organized according to grade with activities designed appropriately for each level. The GSUSA is a member of the  World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts(WAGGGS), and has an extensive history of accepting girls from any background. In 1994, the  Chronicle of Philanthropy, an industry publication, released the results of the largest study of charitable and non-profit organization popularity and credibility. The study showed that the Girl Scouts was ranked as the 8th most popular charity/non-profit in America of over 100 charities researched with 41% of Americans over the age of 12 choosing Love and Like A Lot for the Girl Scouts. 4]  It describes itself as the worlds preeminent organization dedicated solely to girls. - History Juliette Gordon Low  (center), with two Girl Scouts. Girl Scouting in the United States of America began on March 12, 1912 when  Juliette Daisy Gordon Low  organized the first Girl Scout troop meeting of 18 girls in  Savannah, Georgia. It has since grown 3. 7 million members. [3]  Low, who had met  Baden-Powell  in London while she was living in the United Kingdom, dreamed of giving the United States and the world something for all the girls. She envisioned an organization that would bring girls out of their sheltered home environments to serve their communities, experience the out-of-doors, and give them the opportunity to develop self-reliance and resourcefulness. Unlike other organizations, from its inception, Girl Scouts has been organized and run exclusively by women, for girls and women. [6] The organizations original name was the Girl Guides of America. In 1913, it was changed to the Girl Scouts of the United States and the organization was incorporated in 1915. citation needed] The name was finally changed to the Girl Scouts of the United States of America in 1947, and was given a  congressional charter  on March 16, 1950. The GSUSA started with 18 members  Ã¢â‚¬â€ within months, members were hiking through the woods in their knee-length blue uniforms, playing basketball on a curtained-off court, and going on camping trips. By 1920, there were nearly 70,000 members, and by 1930 over 200,000. In 2005 there were over 3. 7  million Girl Scouts  Ã¢â‚¬â€ 2. 8  million girl members and 954,000 adult members  Ã¢â‚¬â€ in the United States. 7]  More than 50  million American women have participated in the Girl Scouts. Through its membership in the  WAGGGS, GSUSA is part of a worldwide Scouting family of over 10 million girls and adults in 145 countries. [8] The names and ages of the  levels  Ã¢â‚¬â€ and the larger structure of the program  Ã¢â‚¬â€ have evolved significantly. Troops were initially fairly independent before joining together into small councils, which have recently merged into larger councils. The  Juliette Gordon Low Birthplace, located in  Savannah, Georgia  in the former Gordon family home, became the National Girl Scout program center in 1956. 9]  It provides tours to thousands of Girl Scouts yearly. Upon Lows death in 1927, she willed her carriage house, which would eventually become The Girl Scout First Headquarters, to the local Savannah Girl Scouts for continued use. [10]  The first National Headquarters was in Washington, D. C. , but it was moved to New York City in the spring of 1916 and has remained there ever since. The aim of the Girl Scouts is that girls will develop to their full potential by pursuing four goals: developing their full potential; relating to others with increasing understand ing, kill, and respect; developing a meaningful set of values to guide their actions and to provide for sound  decision-making; and contributing to the improvement of society. [11] [edit]World War II Girl Scout presentation at  Hinamatsuri(Doll Festival) on Japanese Girls Day atCrystal City Internment Camp,  Crystal City, Texas During  World War II, 1943–1945, many young Japanese-American girls were confined ininternment  camps with their families. Girl Scout troops were organized, even in these camps. These girls participated in many activities, including dramatic presentations, which took place in the  Crystal City Internment Camp, located in  Crystal City, Texas. [edit]Desegregation Most Girl Scout units were originally  segregated  by  race  according to state and local laws and customs. The first troop for African American girls was founded in 1917; the firstAmerican Indian  troop was formed in  New York State  in 1921; and the first troop for  Mexican Americans  was formed in  Houston, Texas, in 1922. In 1933, Josephine Groves Holloway founded unofficial African American troops in  Tennessee. She also fully desegregated the Cumberland Valley council in 1962. [12]  The first official African American troop in the South was founded in 1932 in  Richmond, Virginia  by Lena B. Watson and led initially by Lavnia Banks, a teacher from Armstrong High School. It first met in Hartshorn Hall,  Virginia Union University. [13] By the 1950s, the GSUSA had begun significant national efforts to desegregate the camps and maintain racial balance. One of the first desegregations, accomplished by Murray Walls in 1956, was Camp Shantituck in  Kentucky. [14]  Later the same year,  Martin Luther King, Jr. described Girl Scouts as a force for desegregation. 15]  In 1969, a national Girl Scout initiative called Action 70 was created that aimed to eliminate  prejudice. Gloria D. Scott, an African American, was elected National President of the Girl Scouts in 1975. [16] [edit]Wing Scouts Main article:  Wing Scout The  Wing Scout  program was a Senior Girl Scout program for g irls interested in flying and wanting to serve their country, started in 1941 and ending in the 1970s. In July 1942, 29 troop leaders from fifteen states met in  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to take Wing Scout leadership training. These leaders returned to their councils and began setting up Wing Scout troops. In 1959, Girl Scout Council in North  San Mateo County, California was presented with an offer from  United Airlines  San Francisco Management Club President J. L. Burnside to start an aviation program for Senior Girl Scouts. One of the highlights of the Wing Scout program was the courtesy flight provided to Senior Girl Scouts using United Airlines jets. For many of the girls, this was the first time they had flown in a  plane. Senior Girl Scouts who had been in the program for three years were given the opportunity to take over the controls during flight in a small aircraft. The program was discontinued after  United Airlines  experienced financial setbacks in the 1970s. [17] - [edit]Age levels Main article:  Girl Scout levels (USA) Bess Truman  with Girl Scouts and their leaders Hillary Clinton  posing with Girl Scouts The program was originally for girls aged from 10 to 18, but it was subsequently divided into three levels. Brownies  (for younger girls) was based on a program developed in England in 1914 and was officially recognized in the mid-1920s. At the same time, girls over 18, or over 16 if First Class Scouts, became known as Senior Scouts. In 1938, the age divisions were: Brownies (ages 7 through 9), Intermediates (ages 10 through 13), and Seniors (ages 14 through 18). [18] In 1965 the age structure was rearranged to Brownies (ages 7 through 9, later 6 through 9), Juniors (ages 9 through 11), Cadettes (ages 11 through 14), and Seniors (ages 14 through 17). [19]  In 1984, the  Daisy  program for  kindergarten  girls or those aged five was introduced. [20]  In 2003, the  Studio 2B  program for girls aged from 11 up to 17 was introduced through Cadettes and Seniors. 21] Studio 2B allowed girls to call themselves by any name of their choosing, including but not limited to Studio 2Bs,[22]  teen Girl Scouts, or Cadettes and Seniors. Girl Scouts, aged 11 through 17, can earn both traditional badges and undertake Studio 2B activities, and the Silver Award and Gold Award requirements were rewritten to require both . Studio 2B activities differed from badges in two ways: each booklet focused on topics such as environmentalism or self-confidence rather than being; and to earn each Studio 2B charm, the Girl Scout had to choose activities from the booklet and then meet a goal relevant to the booklet topic. She would create her own plan for achieving her goal, following a basic planning procedure called  SMART  (standing for Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely). On October 1, 2008, all levels were changed to have Girl Scouts as the beginning of their name, e. g. Girl Scout Brownies instead of Brownie Girl Scouts, and all levels are by grade only instead of by age or grade. A new level, Girl Scout Ambassadors was created for girls in  Grades  11 and 12 (around 16 to 18 years old), with Girl Scout Seniors to be only in ninth and tenth grade (around 14 to 16 years old) and grades for other levels were changed. The new levels were trialled in approximately six councils in Spring 2008, and began national use after October 1, 2008. Although troop membership has always and is still the most common way to participate in Girl Scouting, girls who do not desire to participate in troop activities can still sign up as an individual Girl Scout, known as a  Juliette. Juliettes attend activities independently and work individually on badges and awards. The term Juliette may be phased out in the future. [citation needed] The Campus Girl Scouts program allows women (ages 18 and older) to be active in Girl Scouting while in college. Campus Girl Scouting is an organization that helps promote and build student involvement in the community, the local council, and the college campus through service. [23] [edit]Mariner Scouts The 20th National Council of the GSUSA launched the Mariner Girl Scout program in October 1934. [24]  Similar to the Boy Scouts  Sea Scouts, the program was designed for older  Girl Scouts  interested in outdoor water-based activities. By the end of 1934, 12 Mariner ships were registered and the first two handbooks,  Launching a Girl Scout Mariner Ship  and  Charting the Course of a Girl Scout Mariner Ship  were published. The Mariner Girl Scout program remains active but in a smaller form; most girls have instead joined the Sea Scouts, which has been co-ed since 1971. [25] [edit]Special programs There are programs for girls in unusual situations that make it difficult for them to participate in the standard program. The  Girl Scouts Beyond Bars  program helps daughters of incarcerated mothers to connect with their mothers and to have the mothers participate in Girl Scout activities. Another program,  Girl Scouting in Detention Centers, allows girls who are themselves in detention centers to participate in Scouting. Other initiatives try to help girls in rural areas or in public housing. There are also programs for American girls living overseas. [26] - [edit]Organizational structure The national organization has its central headquarters in New York City. It has a staff of 400, and is headed by a Chief Executive Officer and a 40 member National Board of Directors. Kathy Cloninger has been the Chief Executive Officer since 2003 and retired in November 2011. Girl Scouts of the USA celebrated 100 years of history and welcomed its new chief executive officer, Anna Maria Chavez, at its National Council Session/52nd Convention in Houston from November 10–13, 2011. [27]  The Chair of the National Board of Directors, the highest volunteer position, is Connie L. Lindsey. [28] Below the national organization are councils, which cover a large portion of a state or geographic region. Some Councils own and run camps for the troops within its area of responsibility. Councils are usually subdivided again into areas, called Neighborhoods, Service Units, or Associations (terms vary), which are program delivery areas that consist of troops at all age levels in a smaller area, such as a town. The basic unit is the troop which may or may not be sponsored. In contrast to Boy Scout troop chartered organizations, Girl Scout troop sponsors do not own the troop. Troops range in size from as small as five to as large as 30 or more girls and may be divided into several patrols of 8 or fewer girls. edit]Realignment In 2004, the Girl Scouts of the USA hired Professor Willie Pietersen, an instructor at  Columbia Business School, to use his expertise in business metrics to help Girl Scouts develop a strategy to ensure our future success and growth. They used his help in setting targets and implementing ways to change the organization for the better. In addition, six Gap Teams looked at ways for Girl Scouting to improve their structure to prepare for future gr owth and success for the organization. 29]  This was following declines in membership and in revenue, as well as challenges in cross-subsidizing programs for inner city girls. The governance Gap Team found that consolidation decreased confusion and provided economies of scale, and recommended an optimal council size of approximately 10,000 girls. [30]  As of 2006, there were 312 regional Girl Scout councils, which own the 236,000 local troops and other groups. As part of the August 26, 2006 reorganization, the National Board of Directors decided to restructure the 312 councils into 109 councils. 31] This was not without resistance, as the Girl Scout council in Manitou, Wisconsin sued the national GSUSA in Federal District Court alleging breach of the Girl Scout charter, which was summarily dismissed with prejudice by the court. [30]  However the Seventh U. S. Circuit of Appeals overturned that decision stating that a Girl Scout council agreement was no different than a  Dunk in Donutsfranchise and maintained the status of the Manitou council. Thus, there are 112 Girl Scout councils in the United States. [32] - edit]Insignia [edit]Promise, Law, Motto, and Slogan Promise The Girl Scout Promise can be made in English, Spanish, or in  American Sign Language  with the same meaning. [33] On my honor, I will try: To serve God and my country, To help people at all times, And to live by the Girl Scout Law. [34] The Promise is often recited at Girl Scout troop meetings while holding up the  three middle fingers  of the right hand, which forms the Girl Scout sign. Girl Scout policy states that the word God may be interpreted depending on individual spiritual beliefs. When reciting the Girl Scout Promise, God may be substituted with the word dictated by those beliefs. The Girl Scout Motto is Be Prepared. [35] Law I will do my best to be Honest and Fair, Friendly and Helpful, Considerate and Caring, Courageous and Strong, and Responsible for what I say and do, And to respect myself and others, respect authority, use resources wisely, make the world a better place, and be a sister to every Girl Scout. [34] Motto Be Prepared. [36] Slogan Do a Good Turn Daily[36] [edit]Girl Scout Uniforms For girls ages 5 to 14, the unifying look includes wearing a choice of a tunic, vest, sash for displaying official pins and awards, combined with their own solid white shirts and khaki pants or skirts. Girl Scouts in high school can also wear a scarf that unites their look with the sisterhood of Girl Scouts around the world. For adult members the unifying look of the uniform is a Girl Scout official scarf or tie for men, worn with the official membership pins, combined with their own navy blue business attire. Girl Scouts at the Daisy and Brownie levels will continue to have a full uniform ensemble available. 37] Girl Scout in uniform, 1973 Girl Scout uniforms have changed significantly over the years from the original navy blue in 1912, to khaki in 1914, to the familiar green. The evolution has included uniforms with the specificity to designate each age level of Girl Scouting. Since 2008, Girl Scouts at each level have one required element (Tunic,  Sash  or Vest) for the displa y of official pins and awards which will be required when girls participate in ceremonies or officially represent the Girl Scout Movement. For all levels, earned awards go on the front of the vest or sash following official placements. Fun patches can be displayed on the back of their vest or sash. Girl Scout Daisies can chose a blue vest or a smock with a full uniform or white shirt and khaki pants and skirt. They have their own Daisy Pin and a choice of accessories. Girl Scout Brownies can chose a traditional brown vest or sash to be worn with the historic Brownie Pin and other uniform pieces or white shirt and khaki pants or skirts. Girl Scout Juniors wear their official vest or sash to display insignia including awards, coupled with a white shirt and khaki pants or skirt. Girl Scout Cadettes, Seniors and Ambassadors can chose a khaki sash or vest to go with khaki pants or skirt and a white shirt. The adult uniform also changed, with registered women and men wearing navy blue business attire, again from their regular wardrobes. Also available for women are official sweaters and an insignia scarf, while men have the option of an official tie. [38][39] [edit]Logos Designed by  Juliette Low, the sole emblem of the Girl Scouts of the USA from 1912 until 1976 The current Girl Scouts of the USA logo was adopted in 2010, based on the  Saul Basss 1978 logo. He was a graphic designer known for his motion picture title sequences. The hair and facial styles were updated by Jennifer Kinon and Bobby Martin of The Original Champions of Design. [40] The emblem designed by  Juliette Low  was the only emblem used for Girl Scout Pins through 1980. The 1978 GSUSA National Convention voted to use two logos, and allow Girl Scouts to pick which they wanted to wear as their Girl Scout Pin (for Girl Scout Juniors and up). - [edit]Activities One of the original and continuing attractions of Girl Scouts is that girls become proficient campers and participate in many outdoor activities such as  canoeing  or  backpacking  with their troops. Troops do service projects such as carrying out flag ceremonies, collecting food for food drives, visiting nursing homes and Christmas caroling or other community services. [41]  Troops may also plan and take extended trips such as visiting another part of the United States or even travel to another country. Troops may organize  cultural  or learning events such as first aid training or attending live theatre. The Girl Scout activity most familiar to the general public may be the annual sale of  Girl Scout Cookies, which started in 1917 as a money earning opportunity for the local council and troops. [edit]Destinations Main article:  Destinations Once known as Wider Opportunities or  Wider Ops,  Destinations  are travel opportunities for individual older Girl Scouts. Destinations are held within the United States and in other countries. Destinations are primarily international, outdoor, science, people, or apprenticeship oriented. ,[42]  such as  kayaking  in Alaska, or career oriented such as learning about working for  NASA. 43] A Destination may be a trip to one of the WAGGGS World Centres: * Our Cabana  in  Cuernavaca, Mexico * Our Chalet  in  Adelboden, Switzerland * Pax Lodge  in London, England * Sangam World Centre  in  Pune, India[44] - [edit]Traditions The Girl Scouts of the USA have many customs and traditions: camping, community service, singing, and money earning to support their activities. The Girl Scout Handshake and the Girl Scout signal for silence are two shared by WAGGGS member organizations. Other traditions include the Friendship Circle with the squeeze, taking bandanas and home-made sit-upons on camping trips and the buddy system. Bridging is the process of going from one level to another. Bridging is usually done at the troop level, although area bridgings are often held. The girls that are bridging walk across a bridge to their new level and are greeted with the Girl Scout Handshake. There is a notable bridging ceremony held in San Francisco, as GS Juniors bridge to GS Cadettes over the  Golden Gate Bridge. World Thinking Day  and Girl Scouts Own are traditions throughout the world of Girl Scouting. World Thinking Day has occurred annually since 1926 on February 22, the birthday of both  Robert Baden-Powell  and  Olave Baden-Powell. On Thinking Day, Girl Scouts and Guides around the world think about their sisters in other lands;[45]  Councils or local service units (associations) hold a celebration on or near this day, in which each participating troop gives a presentation of the culture and customs of a country selected by the troop. Many Girl Scouts in America celebrate Juliette Gordon Lows birthday on October 31, Founders Day. The parties often include the girls dressing up in Halloween costumes, and serving birthday cake. A Girl Scouts Own is a special ceremony that expresses the spirit of Girl Scouting when the girls reflect upon their feelings about Girl Scouting and the world around them. A Scouts Own can have any theme, or none at all. It is a solemn time given for Girl Scouts to create a moment of their very own. It can be held at any time and include the girls troop or be held at any inter-troop gathering. [46] - [edit]Awards and badges A Girl Scout working on her Gold Award project. Members can earn awards appropriate for their age level. Originally called badges, the terminology has changed to Learning Petals for GS Daisies, GS Try-Its for Brownies, GS Badges for Juniors, and Charms and Interest Project awards for GS Cadettes, Seniors,and Ambassadors (older girls). These Girl Scout awards are expected to be renamed badges in 2012-2014. Girl Scout Daisies will still earn Learning Petals and will be able to earn Leaves. [47]  Girl Scouts at every level can also earn Journey Awards. Journeys have become a large part of the Girl Scout program. In 2011, there were three Journeys, with books and awards for each level: Its Your World Change It! , Its Your Planet Love It! , and Its Your Story Tell It! . The highest achievement in Girl Scouting is the  Girl Scout Gold Award, which can only be earned by GS Seniors and Ambassadors. The highest award for GS Cadettes is the  Silver Award  and  Bronze Award  is the highest award for Girl Scout Juniors. These awards require large-scale service projects showing leadership along with service hours. [48]  The service projects must improve a current situation, such as restoring the eroded banks of a stream. Girl Scouts can also earn and display on their uniform awards from outside organizations, such as the  religious emblems  from religious organizations, or the  Presidents Volunteer Service Award. Girl Scouts can also receive awards for lifesaving and leadership. [edit]Adult recognition There are also GS awards for adults including: Outstanding Volunteer, Outstanding Leader, Appreciation Pin, Honor Pin, Thanks Badge, and Thanks Badge II. Outstanding Volunteer is awarded for Outstanding service as Girl Scout volunteer (other than a leader). Outstanding Leader is awarded for Outstanding service as Girl Scout leader. Appreciation Pin is awarded for exceptional performance beyond expectations for the position. Service benefits one or more service units The Honor Pin recognizes an adult member who has delivered exceptional service beyond expectations to two or more geographic areas, service units or program delivery audiences in a way that furthers the councils goals. [49]  Thanks Badge recognizes outstanding service for two or more service units. Different GS councils use different terminology for regions within their council. Thanks Badge II is awarded where the recipient has received the Thanks Badge and the recipient’s service continues to merit further recognition. At least one nomination, two endorsements, and a review of the forms is required for each of these awards. [50] - [edit]Effect on American life Among the many famous American Girl Scouts are  Dakota Fanning,  Lucille Ball,  Katie Couric, and  Elizabeth Dole. [51]  Many Girl Scouts have become successful leaders in numerous professional fields such as law, medicine, politics, journalism, and science. 51]Beginning with  Lou Henry Hoover, the incumbent  First Lady  has served as the Honorary President of GSUSA. Lou Henry Hoover was also the actual President of the Girl Scouts from 1922–1925 and Chairman of the National Board of Directors from 1925–1928. [52] During  World War I  and  World War II,  girls  involved in Scouts helped the  Allied forces  by selling defense bonds, growing  victory gardens, and collecting waste fat and scrap iron. [53]  Girl Scouts also spread their values into their communities through  community serviceprojects such as  soup kitchens  and food drives. Over twenty of NASA’s career astronauts were former Girl Scouts. The first American woman to spacewalk was a former Girl Scout, Dr. Kathryn Sullivan. [54] [edit]The American Girl From 1917 until 1979 Girl Scouts published a magazine, originally called The Rally (1917–1920) and then The American Girl, with the The later being dropped (not to be confused with the currently published  American Girl  magazine). [55]  At one time this magazine had the largest circulation of any magazine aimed at teen-aged girls. [edit]Girl Scout Senior Roundups Main article:  Girl Scout Senior Roundup International Girl Scout gatherings named Senior Roundups were held every three years from 1956 until 1965:[56] * Milford, Michigan  (1956) attended by 5,000  girls * Colorado Springs, Colorado, from July 3, 1959 to July 12, 1959, with 10,000  girls * Button Bay, Vermont  from July 18, 1962 to July 31, 1962, with 9,000  girls * Farragut Reservation,  Idaho, from July 17, 1965 to July 26, 1965, with 12,000  girls - [edit]Issues [edit]No official stand on sexuality and gender issues Girl Scouts of the USA stated in an October 1991 letter:[57] As a private organization, Girl Scouts of the U. S. A. respects the values and beliefs of each of its members and does not intrude into personal matters. Therefore, there are no membership policies on sexual preference. However, Girl Scouts of the U. S. A. has firm standards relating to the appropriate conduct of adult volunteers and staff. The Girl Scout organization does not condone or permit sexual displays of any sort by its members during Girl Scout activities, nor does it permit the advocacy or promotion of a personal lifestyle or sexual preference. These are private matters for girls and their families to address. GSUSA upholds a dont ask, dont evangelize policy on sexuality. [58]  The debate over this issue is split between those who feel that the policy should avoid and prevent discrimination on the grounds of  sexual orientation, and those who question the inclusion of lesbians. [59][60] In October 2011, the  Girl Scouts of Colorado  council publicly stated, If a child identifies as a girl and the childs family presents her as a girl, Girl Scouts of Colorado welcomes er as a Girl Scout, when overturning a local troops rejection of a 7-year-old transgender girl. [61] [edit]To Serve God in the Promise In early 1992, the Totem Girl Scout Council suggested changing the promise to make it possible for girls who did not believe in amonotheistic  god to join. In November 1992, the parents of Nitzya Cuevas-Macias sued for their daughter to be permitted to participate even though she refused to promise to serve God. [62][63 ] On October 23, 1993, the Girl Scouts of the USA voted 1,560-375[64]  to permit individuals to substitute another word or phrase for God in their promise. 35] THAT, since the Girl Scout organization makes no attempt to interpret or define the word God but encourages members to establish for themselves the nature of their spiritual beliefs, it is the policy of the Girl Scouts of the U. S. A. that individuals when making the Girl Scout Promise may substitute wording appropriate to their own spiritual beliefs for the word God. with the explanation that For some individuals, the word God, no matter how broadly interpreted, does not appropriately reflect their spiritual beliefs. Since the belief in a spiritual principle is fundamental to Girl Scouting, not the word used to define that belief, it is important that individuals have the opportunity to express that belief in wording meaningful to them. It is essential to maintain the spiritual foundation of Girl Scouting, yet be inclusive of the full range of spiritual beliefs. This [policy change] does not take the word God out of the Girl Scout Promise. It gives those individuals who wish to do so the option to state their commitment to the spiritual concepts fundamental to the Movement with a word or words more appropriate to their own beliefs. For instance, an individual may say my faith or Allah or the Creator. Girl Scout President B. LaRae Orullian made an official statement that the change is a very strong statement that Girl Scouts continue to be on the cutting edge, and this is a continuing effort to show that we have strength in diversity and that we are an inclusive organization. [64] Some groups consider that the Girl Scouts of the USA have not gone far enough in making Scouting open to  non-theists; others that they have gone too far in removing God or that they are violating the constitution of the  WAGGGS. The WAGGGS constitution requires member societies to maintain membership standards to include a promise similar to the one established by Baden-Powell, which includes the concept of duty to God. [65][66][67]  The GSUSA policy adopted in 1993 led to the 1995 formation of an alternative organization, the  American Heritage Girls  that accepts only leaders and chartering organizations that agree with a specific Christian statement of faith. [68]  The organization had a little over 5,000 members in 2006. According to the organization, membership as of 2012 is over 18,000. [69] [edit]Prayer at meetings The official Girl Scout policy does not ban or require prayer. [70] The Girl Scout organization does not endorse or promote any particular philosophy or religious belief. Our movement is secular and is founded on American democratic principles, one of which is freedom of religion. Although Girl Scouts has policies supporting religious diversity, there is no policy by Girl Scouts of the USA that prohibits or requires the saying or singing of a grace, blessing, or invocation before meals by Girl Scout members in a troop/group setting, in a resident or day camp, or at meetings, conferences, and other large events. The decision to say a grace, blessing, or invocation is made locally at the troop or group level, and should be sensitive to the spiritual beliefs of all participants. [edit]Objections to sex education sponsored by Planned Parenthood In 2004, in  Waco, Texas, the Bluebonnet Council endorsed a Planned Parenthood education event without providing money nor sending Scouts to it. This was criticized by some  pro-life  movement supporters and  social conservatives, resulting in a boycott of Girl Scout cookies sold by the Bluebonnet Council.

Fort Sumter1 essays

Fort Sumter1 essays It would be an understatement to say that the Civil War caused unfortunate bloodshed and left a heritage of grief and bitterness in its path. This war is perhaps the most tragic of all time. Its epic feats and uncanny combats merit it as not only an unforgettable event in history, but a war that took over 600,000 lives. It was the only war fought on American soil by Americans, and for that reason the Civil War has always of interest. Ironically, but not surprisingly, the Civil War still remains a fascinating event in American history. Few leaders have faced decisions as difficult as those confronting Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis in April of 1861. At stake was the allegiance of the northern tier of slave states, wavering between the Union and their sister slave states. Beyond that, Lincoln had to find some way to get all the states back into the Union, and Davis to prevent it. All this now focused on Fort Sumter. With so much depending on this Fort and the events surrounding the outbreak of the Civil War, it is imperative to assess the wisdom of Abraham Lincoln's decision to hold Fort Sumter, and Jefferson Davis's decision to take it. Located on an island inside the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, and garrisoned by less then 100 U.S. soldiers, Fort Sumter was to both North and South a symbol of national authority in the states claiming to have seceded (McPherson 264). The 40 foot brick walls that were eight to twelve feet thick were designed to be able to stop anything from leaving or entering the harbor (McPherson 264). On December 20, 1861, after decades of sectional conflict, the people of South Carolina responded to the election of the first Republican president, Abraham Lincoln, by voting unanimously in convention to secede from the Union. Within six weeks five other states- Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana-followed South Carolina's example. Early in February 1861 they met in Montgom...

Comparison between the Book and the Film Revolutionary Road Essay

Comparison between the Book and the Film Revolutionary Road - Essay Example The film off course has lots of deviations from the novel but bears many similarities also. When a celebrated literary piece influences or is incorporated in a film, it ought to bear some similarities and dissimilarities that compels the film to launch into a platform where the comparison and the criticism with respect to the literary piece is performed from which it has been influenced , interpreted or incorporated. Thesis Statement The novel ‘Revolutionary Road’ and the film incorporated from it together stand as a complementary and compact phenomena elevating the mind of the readers and audience. Reading the novel and watching the film complete the experience which makes the soul uplifted. Yet, there are differences between the novel and the film incorporated from it. This essay intends to explore and discuss the comparison on the ground of the difference in perception operating in the novel and the film. The Comparison The film lacked the superfluity of emotions whic h the language in the novel created. However in representation of the characters also, there is a vast difference. In the novel, the character of April Wheeler seems to be gaining more sympathy of the readers for the decision and dilemma she undergoes regarding her decision with her unborn child. In the film, this same character is presented as a self-centred and passive woman without proper emotions.

Individual Reflective Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Individual Reflective Journal - Assignment Example If such methods of learning are implemented by students of marketing, they can research various organizations that are currently operating and they way these organizations devise their marketing programs and how these marketing programs have assisted them in surviving competition and meeting the needs and wants of the customers in an effective manner. Dissertations can help students identify how organizations make their marketing decisions and marketing strategies and can verify the effectiveness of the strategies that are being taught to them during their marketing courses. For example: students are taught that successful marketing strategies are those in which first research about consumer demand is conducted and then the product is made to fit to the demands of the consumers. The students can research organizations that have implemented such strategies and differentiate them from those organizations that first produce the product and then conduct marketing campaigns. This differen tiation will allow students to differentiate between the two

Quiz Review Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quiz Review Questions - Coursework Example 15, Rios indicate that the boys may embrace strategies such as going dumb, acting stupid or even being dummy smart as a strategy to discredit the system that punished and excluded them (Rios) 4. These are knowledge and ideas that people try to draw upon in their day-to-day life activities. Cultural capital ranges from ability to speak, ability to write effectively and even rule of etiquette among others. 5. These benefits of economy are gained from the preferential treatment and cooperation between a group of people and individuals. Social capital tends to share the main idea that networking has a significant value. 8. In the 21st century, people are living together despite the differences. According to Sandercock, people must understand their differences and how important it is to their politics and cooperative success in order to live together. Without such understanding, problems might arise. He also develops a multicultural perspective that embraces unity of culture of every individual that is inescapable of cultural diversity and which is part of the right to differences (Sandercock). 9. Therapy can be an effective statement in most cases. But to reap its benefits, it is important that the right strategies that incorporate emotional wellbeing to be utilized. Emotions help in diagnosing several health related problems including mental health conditions. Therefore, emotions play a huge role in dictating the types of therapy and when an individual should initiate the therapies. 10. City building- cities are always in constant change. This comes alongside with struggles. The struggles are developing to shape up and protect as well as improve places. People have roles to play in the city change since it affects everyday life. While the cities are changing, the professions in building do not act alone. The transformation recognizes that these professions are effective when they act in a transparent way of politics; in association with residents,

Gender Segregation in the Workforce

Gender Segregation in the Workforce The occupational sex segregation in various countries It has commonly been assumed that, the gender inequality in occupations is reflected in many aspects, such as the pay gap, gender discrimination, education qualification, traditional patriarchy concept and welfare. The essay are mainly focus on the occupational sex segregation, it is likely that senior job position almost attribute to male, female often stay lower statues in career. For example, women are often excluded from tradesmen, as the spelling of the word implied, tradesmen seems like male-dominant. The segregation is quite obvious in occupations, (Barbalescu and Bidwell 2013) found that men prefer the job in construction, medicine, law, engineering while women are defined as cheap labor force and the substitute of men, their job are considered as unskilled, non-professional and less paid (England, 2005). In the UK, women were expected out of labor market in the past, in 1980, less than 1 percentage women are profession and male as breadwinner in family. By 2002, the percentage of women profession increased by 40. By 2011, there is about 30 percent increase in female earner and small grow in dual-earner which exceeds the percentage of traditional male breadwinner (Rubery and Rafferty, 2013) but women are still underrepresented in certain jobs. According to Cotter et al (2004), in US, men remain supervisory position in the past, but their status are decline gradually with the continued increase of womens participation in labor market even in male-dominate job, currently, a majority of women are emerged in the work such as teachers, nurse and clerk (Preston, 1993). The essay is based on the literature research to explore the reason of the gender segregation in occupations and how it result the undervaluation of womens work. Cases of male-dominant and famine-dominant job Cejka and Eagly (1999) suggested that the male-dominant job requires physical strength, because it is full of competition and under high pressure environment. The masculine character is described as aggressive, brave, courage, endurance and resolute, they are more likely to handle the hard work. For example, construction work are dangerous anytime, with the possibility of death, frequently hurt and getting ill (Health and Safety Executive, 2001,Jones et al., 2003) which always be linked to masculinity. In film and TV industry, women are less likely to hold the job, according to the study of Lang (2015), in 2014, the proportion of female is just 14à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¦as film industry directors and only 20à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ writers, 8% cinematographers. Besides, there is no obvious increase of womens involvement in this period (Follows, Kreager and Gomes, 2016). Female are limited to direct the film, as a result, they are restricted to be employed or only employed for certain types of work. Furthermore, women have limited ability to gain experience and recourses thus remain lower status. Skillset (2007) described that, a majority of women are more likely to be employed in make-up, dress up, personal assistant and cleaning work. Although the proportion of the entrance to the film and IT industry is nearly half and half, segregation start after they come into the industry ( Follows, Kreager andGomes, 2016). Besides, the job nature are long working hours, women cannot meet physical standard, Gi ll and Pratt (2008) added that it is difficult to keep and balance friendship, family life and other relations. Another case are going to be demonstrated is nurse, people apply for nurses are almost female. Base on the data from the Kaiser Family Foundation, the ratio of female to male in nurses filed is differential, in Kentucky, female ratio is 12 while male is only 1, the biggest difference is in Iowa and south Carolina, the proportion is 15 female to 1 male, even the smallest gap is 6 to 1 in California. Female are dominant role in nurse, although there has seen some increase in mens participation but still underrepresented (Rappleye, 2015). Another example of male-dominant job is engineering and science, from Marder (2012) statistic, in 2008, 41 percent men of college student are going to choose the science and engineering as their major while women are only 30 percent. After graduation, men also exceed women in science and engineering field, women obtain only 20 percent degrees which also affect their working condition (Hill, Corbett Rose, 2010). According to the the report, women shows more interest in the field of biology, social and behavioral sciences than men, but lag in computer science field, as data reveals, women only account for 19 percent of software developers compared to mens leading role in computer science and physics (Marder, 2012). Jobs can be done by anyone regardless of gender There are some arguments that, women employed in male-dominant job when the labor is short, they are regarded as labor reserve and substitution. Most people insist that women are weakness that cannot bear the primitive work environment and hard job (Health and Safety Executive, 2001, 2003; Jones et al., 2003). A majority of female chooses male-type work gradually that break the traditional deep-rooted male privilege and inequity gender segregation (Paechter, 2007). According to Grusky and Charles (2004), in developed countries, the ratio of men and womens dominant work are nearly equal. NHS, start to open permission to anyone, finally, get more profits (Rubery and Rafferty, 2013). As figure shows, women has become an main labor force, in middlesborough, womens participation achieve 55 percent, in Liverpool, the number is 54.5, as for Glasgow and Manchester, the percentage is 51.5, even in Sheffield, it is 50.8 percent (Blackburn, Browne, Brooks, and Jarman, 2002). It is convictive that the gender difference is not the whole thing, women are lack of opportunities to challenge and transform the situation. With more and more tradeswomen emerging, it is proved that most of the construction work can be done by women and overturn the ideology that women cannot do such work, the traditional statu s of men as supervisor also face the threat, they are lacking power to drive women out of the labor market (Ness, 2012). Further focus on medicine to explore the jobs can be done by anyone. Based on the numbers, there is an increasing amount of women who are qualified as doctors from 1970, which was seen as mens work formerly, in 2007, most of women are working in medicine field and the number are 10 times greater than before (Crompton Lyonette, 2011), Now, women doctors even outweighs male doctors in the UK. Khan (2012) predicts that this trend will happen to general practice as well in the further. Male also increasingly access to female-dominated job which is reflected in nurse. Men are excluded from nurse field previously, now, university encourage men to choose nurse major. From the information collected, only about 3 percent registered nurse is male in 1970 while in 2011, the number increase to about 10 (US Census Bureau, 2013). According to the man who worked as a nurse now, when he is in school from 2008 to 2009, the percentage of male choose to study nurse is only six percent, until he graduates and works in hospital, there is an apparent increase of men work as registered nurses from 147000 of 2.9 million in 2000 to 168000. Wilson (2009) explain that, people believe nurse is the title of female, but after engagement, people recognize this is not a sexualization job. The undervaluation of womens work It is suggest that sex bias still exist, women are often defined as lower productivity, unskilled, cheap labor force and flexible substitution that are less likely for senior position, even at the time of labor force are not enough, employers are not willing to hire women, so they have limited choice on job and receive lower pay (Blackburn, Browne, Brooks, and Jarman, 2002). Base on the date from Office for Budget Responsibility (2010), women job losing rate are reaching to about 56 percent in 2011 compared to about 37 percent in 2009, by 2014-2015, more than 330000 women have no job, it is estimated that the percentage will continues. In addition, exclusionary make women be hostile when they enter male-dominant job, because male believe women will threat their supervisor status (Ness, 2012). As winter (2006) state, women are always excluded from infantry, not only because their physical drawback but also the loyalty matters (Woodward and Winter, 2006). According to a mining engineer Gina, man could do what they are supposed to do while women have to concern on what they are able to do (Herman, Lewis Humbert, 2013). So the next section is going to explore what factors cause this situation. Why OGS result in the undervaluation of womens work The motherhood and part-time status of women One of the most important reason reflecting the development of womens career is motherhood. Mother are not supposed to be an idea worker that they undertake main responsibility for family, they have to combine childbearing with the job, hence women shift their full time job to unskilled part-time job or remain unemployed. (Crompton, Lyonette, 2011) state that having children means great conflict with womens work but unchanged for men, for example, women are not suitable in some professional position, therefore they often delay to have children. When women becomes a mother, they invest less in their career and no interested in promotion thus find lower paid job, their finance are almost depend on their husband, consequently, they neglect the training and human capital, happy to stay in low status and earn less (Mincer and Polachek, 1974). In UK, the childcare system is not comprehensive that women care their child themselves, consequently, the job and working hours are restricted for women (Dale, 1987). From statistics, womens part-time work increase by 33 percent from 1971 to 1991, while women with no child are only 29 percent work as part-time (Blackwell, 2001). Specifically, most of women are family-centered, as a mother of 3 children clams, she will focus less on work and take care children primarily, because the baby will not wait to grow up. The factors of supply and demand 5.2.1 The supply side In terms of the supply side, culture and social factors shape different preference and interest in choosing job of men and women which result the segregation in occupation. Barbalescu and Bidwell (2013) summaries 3 factors influencing the choice, reward level, identification and expectations. While some argue that individuals preference is easy to be changed. It is no doubt that everyone prefer the most valuable job both intrinsic reward such as money and external reward including parent leave, flexible working hour. For the meaning of identification, people apply the job which is most compatible with them. According to research, when people start a new career, they are likely to keep consistent with their identification and the standard (Cross and Markus, 1994). To exam the gender preference, a survey from Barbalescu and Bidwell (2013) found a trend that men are more likely to apply for consulting, trading and finance-related job whereas management, care and service work are more common among women, including human resources, nursing, marketing, teachers, these are perceived as femininity which consist with womens identity. The survey also found the belief of employed in finance filed is quite small among women due to the consideration of their ability and identification. It is tested that the propensity of womens job are greatly influen ced by their motherhood identification. Besides, women often choose the job with most female. Refer to expectation theory, the successful outcome in job can be a great force to motive men and women making choice, applicants expect their effort are useful to guarantee the job position (Barbalescu and Bidwell, 2013). The brief and expectation of they can success in the work also reflect their decision, the theory are able to be explained in the example that women are believed limited in engineering or finance filed, thus they are less likely to apply and employed in masculine job because lack of self-identity (Tomlinson, Olsen and Purdam, 2009). In addition, if the organization has sex discrimination previously, they will refuse to enter the organization (Barbalescu and Bidwel, 2013). As explored above, the 3 factors are interconnected that the preference is the consequence of socialization and culture structure. It is likely that, women prefer job with work-life balance and expect regular time off, men are more likely to pursue reward and power than women while women show less desire on money. 5.2.2 The demand side The demand side will emphasis on employers important role that decide whom will be employed through their behavior (Glick, Zion, Nelson, 1988). It is likely that womens career opportunity is limited while men occupied in the most desirable job (Blackburn and Jarman, 1993). The reason why women are excluded and hard to be employed in some field is men and women are treated differently, from employers perspective, male are dominant and prerogative (Reskin, 2005) thus they prefer hire male especially in gendered work. It is believe that women should balance the work and life, so they often work part-time, as a result, employers offer more training to man to maximize their profit (England, 2005). Besides, labor surplus make employer regard women as cheap labor reserve and substitutes, it is because of the scanty of men in labor market when female are employed in male-dominant work (Reilly et al, 2006), According to statistics, women who have experience on industry and IT filed previously are more likely to be offered a male-dominant job. To test the reason affects the gender segregation in hiring progress and the perspective of employers discrimination and inequitable brief, first, arbitrary culture make employers hold the view that different job fit for the specific sex. For example, only female are regarded as good carer and resist men applying for such job. Women are also considering not competent in math due to their limited ability (England, 2005). Second is statistical discrimination, which means they regard a group as average to predict individual, the discrimination often against women entering high skill, profession work even men and women are hold same qualification (Cohen, Bianchi, 1999), consequently, women are long-term worried to apply for the job. The discrimination also reflects on the pay gap which is a reason for gender segregation. Markus (1977) point out that women are less paid and the pay level are conflict with their ability, the lower pay is also a result of excessive female job due to few wom en entre into male-dominant job (Bergmann 1974). Education, policy and partarchy Lack of equality legislation includes minimal wage standards and subsidy (Rubery and Rafferty, 2013). High level of legislation will offer men and women equal opportunities and help to balance their dual roles. As Dench et al (2002) described, after carry out the legislation about fair opportunity, female employment rate in UK raise from 48 to 57 percent. In addition, in France, policy on paid childcare support, parental leave are provided for women to manage their family and work (Faulkner, 2009) According to Jarman and Blackburn and (1993), in 1938, the education degree is 2 percent and only 0.5 fewer for women. It is likely that low education level will be discriminated and women hold high qualification and skills are benefit for their career, hence, the absence of education and training investment on women is another factor result in the distinct occupations on gender (Crompton Lyonette, 2011). It is important to notice that, inflected by traditional gender class and the theory of patriarchy, men dominant and controls the society and they are the meaning of power and leader, it is hard for women to have equal opportunity (Blackburn, Browne, Brooks, and Jarman, 2002). According to Cockburn (1991), women and men will be allocated to different job accordingly reduce the competition, thus prevent mens job being attacked by women. Besides, man are seen as active in labor market as breadwinner while women concern on domestic work which make womens work undervalued by such segregation (England, 2005). 6. The acceptable work for male and female and conclusion As the essay explored above, women seems more acceptable to work as nurse, school teacher, human resource manager, childcare worker, custom service staff and accountant (Elkins, 2015). The essay also collect the data that male are more likely to do the job in engineer, electricity, industry, army and also a majority of men work as computer software engineer and doctor. The essay then base on the example to prove that womens work are treated unequally, not only the pay gap but also the exclusion of senior position, in addition, women are often regarded as unskilled and cheap labor force because their weakness in physical strength (Health and Safety Executive, 2001, 2003; Jones et al., 2003). These inequities provide the evidence that sex discrimination is an issue should be noticed. Finally, the essay find out the reason behind the phenomenon, first, women as a role of mother should combine work and life which made them have limited time and energy enroll the job, thus, women often wo rk as part-time and some are even unemployed. Second, the shortage of education, training and equal policy for women made employers not willing to hire female, they are often regarded as labor reserve and have limited choice and opportunities. The traditional patriarchy also results in the undervalued work of women. Then the essay concentrates on the supply-demand side, both applications preference and employers discrimination impact the result. Elkins (2015) state that the disproportion should be concerned and the equally gender proportion in occupations would increase the productivity. For further study, the essay will look closely to find more details about the occupations in each filed and make the data more up to date.

Special Education Needs Policy Essay -- Education, inclusion

Introduction Early years providers regardless of type, size or funding must comply with the legal requirements set out within the Early Years Foundation Stage ( EYFS) so as to meet the needs of all children within the setting (DCSF 2008a, p11). The objective of this report is to critically evaluate the Special Educational Needs Policy used in a setting which support anti discriminatory practice and promote inclusion (appendix 2). Within the context of a faith based early years setting in Dewsbury. The Warnock Report (Special Educational Needs1978) introduced the concept of ‘inclusion’ in the form of ‘integration’ with regard to children with special educational needs, suggesting that mainstream settings would be preferable to ‘Special Schools’. Gates and Edwards (2007) outline, prior to this report, the terms â€Å"Handicapped† or â€Å"Educationally subnormal† were acceptable terms, based on an apparent culture of a medical model, where the disabled person is the problem, governed by their disability. An example might be a child labelled with Down ’s syndrome as their identifying features, instead of their name (Courtman 2010). As legislation has continued to develop, so have attitudes towards disability. The Disability Discrimination Act 2005, set out duties for employers and many public services. Further changes arose from the Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001. It became unlawful to discriminate against disabled children, and by 2004, â€Å"...reasonable adjustments...† were expected to improve access within the physical environment, for disabled people. The introduction of the Children Act 2004 saw the introduction of the Every Child Matters (ECM) (DCFS 2008d). In addition the publication Removing Barriers to Achievement ... ... re-evaluate and challenge anti discriminatory practice at a cultural level however the changing of others attitudes can be difficult but not impossible. Article 23 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) (UNICEF 2007, online) recognise the disability of a child should not reduce the child’s right to education and children with any kind of disability has the right to special care and support. â€Å"Equality of opportunity means that each individual in society experiences opportunities to achieve and flourish which are as good as the opportunities experienced by others† (Griffin 2008, p.12). TTRB (2009) Models of Disability and Special Educational Needs. [Online]. Available: http://sen.ttrb.ac.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?Keyword=Special+Educational+Needs&SearchOption=Phrase&SearchType=Keyword&RefineExpand=1&ContentId=15708 [27/12/2010]

K+12 Program in the Philippines : Necessary or Not?

K+12 Program in the Philippines : Necessary or Not? â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. †(Mandela,2010). This quote states that education develops our world to more powerful. This is one of a reason why others want the K+12 program on the Philippines. Some are not in favor of this because they say that it is not the longer education is the solution and it is the improving of quality of education. Some say that K+12 in the Philippines is not necessary while I as a student agree for this program.There are many reasons why I agree to have a K+12 Program in our country but there are three things that I think the most significant. First is to elevate the quality of education. This important because we all know that we have poor quality of education compared to the other countries. According to Isagani Cruz(2010)â€Å"The poor quality of basic education is reflected in the low achievement scores of Filipino students. One reason is that students do not get adequate instructional time or time on task. He said that our current number of years in school are not enough to fulfill the main objective of the lessons in school. We can see that some are graduated in high school but they still not ready to take their college life. Longer years of education can increase the preparedness of students on their career. Second is to inspire the students to study harder. â€Å"International test results consistently show Filipino students lagging way behind practically everybody else in the world.In the 2008 mathematics exam, for example, we came in dead last. â€Å"(Cruz,2010). Some students graduated easily forgets what they have learned from their teachers. When they are ask by their younger family member or friend they fail to recall what the answer or if its a mathematical problem they already forgot how to solve it. Longer years in school can help us to not to be embarrassed when someone is asking things that we have studi ed. Third is according to Joe Padre â€Å"Most graduates are too young to enter the labor force. He said that most of our graduates is not on their right age to work. Some cannot find a job suited for him. If we will have a K+12 Program the problem about age will be disappeared and it can be easy for them to find a good job. These reasons why K+3 program in the Philppines is necessary can be a great help in improving our knowledge about it. For me it is necessary in the philippines even though we will spend much more money for this.Money is not a reason to refuse this program, time will come after I graduated from college I know that I will have a good life. Many people refuse this program, most of them tell that it is the quality of education not the longer years in school but how can we have good quality of education if the years in school are not enough for what they want to have. K+12 program is necesary in our country because it is the only way to improve the quality of educat ion in our country. Now, we will have a more productive people in the Philipppines.

buy custom Securing The Companys Servers essay

buy custom Securing The Companys Servers essay Introduction Any serious company cannot ignore the importance of securing its Windows and Unix/Linux servers from known shortcomings/vulnerabilities. This is due to the fact that the Windows machines may end up having serious security problems. As a matter of fact, Windows has a bad security record when it comes to operating systems (Dubin, 2005, p. 123). There is need for the company to create a set of layered defenses and avoid the idea of running capricious programs. It is also better for the company to substitute programs that have a terrible security track record with more reliable programs (Dubin, 2005, p. 127). The role of the Company information security officers is to ensure that the windows and Unix/Linux servers are secured from shortcomings and vulnerabilities; otherwise the company may risk being targeted by hackers (Brown, 2011, p. 58). The dynamic internet ecosystem sees the myriad of VLAN switches, firewalls, routers, and other devices, thus making servers and devices unreachable from a simple configuration error (Brown, 2011, p. 185-9). Today, cyber criminals are more organized than before, it is therefore paramount for the company to react with focus and effective stratagem in the key areas of technology (Brown, 2011, p. 219). Information security officers are therefore properly trained and well informed of all advancements regarding technological improvements in the communication industry. For example, the security personnel are well trained to monitor occurrences of reverse social engineering, social engineering and shulder surfing and how to avoid them (Dubin, 2005, p. 128). Securing Company Network Servers As the Information Security Officer, I will give priority to the use of digital certificates in company servers security. The installation and use of digital certificates will enhance optimal management and security ofClient Access servers. This can be installed with a default self-signed digital certificate (Danseglio, 2005, p.175). The digital certificate will help the company since it authenticates the holder. This will secure the servers from unauthorized users. In order to ensure safety and security of data that is exchanged online, digital certificates must be considered. It helps in protecting company and client data from theft or tampering by hackers (Danseglio, 2005, p.175-176). To ensure secure connectivity between the management and the client the company and client servers must be secured. I will thus advocate for the installation and use of server certificates. This will limit incidences of theft and hackings from server criminals. The server certificate helps in enhancing client server authentication (Danseglio, 2005, p.123).This will provide the company with a stronger server security. It will demand that a client or any other user of the company server supply a valid trusted certificate. To further support server and information security, I will recommend and introduce the use of trust model certification. For example, the hierarchical trust model will protect the company and client information. Hackers interccept emails and confidential information through email interception if the servers are not secured. The hierarchical trust model ensures that users of the company server have valid certification for accessing the company servers (Brown, 2011, p. 185-9). This will help in enhancing server security. This high security system will enhance protection of the servers against spyware and browser hijackers. The Importance of Securing Windows and Unix/Linux Servers from Shortcomings/ Vulnerabilities Attacks on company software are now very serious crimes in the world today. It is therefore very important for the company information security officers to protect its servers by ensuring that certificate authorities are only with the authorized personnel to reduce chances of sharing adware sites and also chances of social engineering (Brown, 2011, p. 75). Furthermore, there is a possibility of the computer hackers waging cyber warfare against the company. The companys employees may also be at risk of falling prey to credit card fraud and rob it of lots of money and can only avoid this by employing the use of secure socket layer, wired equivalent privacy or transport layer security (Brown, 2011, p. 75-6). In conclusion, in pursuing the efforts to secure the company servers, it is very important for the company to develop an infrastructure security that will improve its Network Operations Center security and confidentiality. Developing a secure and efficient server room is a priority for the information and communication in the company. Buy custom Securing The Companys Servers essay

A Guaiacol Dye-Coupled Reaction Reports That Catalytic Activity of Peroxidase Isolated from Fresh Turnip (Brassica Rapa) Increases as Temperature Rises Essays

A Guaiacol Dye-Coupled Reaction Reports That Catalytic Activity of Peroxidase Isolated from Fresh Turnip (Brassica Rapa) Increases as Temperature Rises Essays A Guaiacol Dye-Coupled Reaction Reports That Catalytic Activity of Peroxidase Isolated from Fresh Turnip (Brassica Rapa) Increases as Temperature Rises Paper A Guaiacol Dye-Coupled Reaction Reports That Catalytic Activity of Peroxidase Isolated from Fresh Turnip (Brassica Rapa) Increases as Temperature Rises Paper Enzymes are proteins which serve to reduce the activation energy required for biological reactions (Russell and others 2010). This allows biologically important chemical reactions to occur rapidly enough to allow cells to carry out their life processes (Russell and others 2010). Enzymes are made of one or more polypeptide strands, which individually or as an associated complex take on a three-dimensional shape. When properly associated, these shapes form the active site and other supporting structures that allow enzymes to be effective catalysts (Nelson and Cox 2005). Temperature represents the average kinetic energy in an object or solution (Russell and others 2010). This energy causes rapid movement of dissolved particles, such as enzymes and substrate molecules, increasing the chances that they’ll contact each other in such a way as to allow a chemical reaction to occur (Nelson and Cox 2005). The kinetic energy may also influence the folding of the enzyme. If the weak and strong bonds involved in stabilizing the protein structure are disrupted, denaturation of the protein can occur, eliminating the enzyme’s effectiveness (Nelson and Cox 2005; Russell and others 2010). This experiment will investigate the effects of temperature on the enzyme kinetics – that is, the rate of an enzyme’s catalysis – of peroxidase isolated from turnip. Plant peroxidases are involved in lignin formation, which is part of the cell wall (Cosio and Dunand 1985). Turnip roots contain peroxidases which are enzymes that can be easily extracted, and because peroxidases can liberate oxygen from hydrogen peroxide, their activity can easily be measured in the laboratory (Pitkin 1992). The rate of oxygen release is followed by measuring the rate of oxidation of guaiacol, which turns brown in the presence of oxygen and thus can be quantified in a spectrophotometer (Nickle 2009). We hypothesize that as we increase the temperature of reaction, kinetic energy will increase the frequency with which peroxidase engages hydrogen and the rate of guaiacol oxidation will increase. Because turnips grow in cool climates, often below 24oC (Pollock 2009), we expect that the optimal temperature for enzyme activity will be around room temperature or cooler, and temperatures in excess of this will cause denaturation of the enzyme and a concurrent loss of enzyme activity. METHODS AND MATERIALS A store-purchased turnip was scrubbed and rinsed with tap water. A razor blade was used to cut a 0. 5 g piece of tissue from the cortex. This was placed in a mortar along with 50 ml phosphate extraction buffer (0. 1 M, pH 7) and a pinch of sand. The tissue was ground to a slurry and then filtered through cheesecloth to form the extract used for all experiments after standardization. To ensure peroxidase was extracted from the turnip and that the reagents were suitable for the experiment, a positive control was performed. 2 ml of enzyme was added to a test tube containing 3 ml buffer, 2 ml H2O2, and 1 ml guaiacol dye. After quickly inverting twice to mix the fluids, the contents darkened. Standardization was performed to correct for differences in extraction techniques and tissue enzyme content. Three volumes of enzyme (0. 5, 1. 0, and 2. 0 ml) were tested. To ensure reactions did not begin prematurely, reaction components were placed into two separate test tubes. These were labelled â€Å"a† and â€Å"b† for each volume of extract, where â€Å"i† contained 0. 5 ml (dilute), â€Å"ii† held 1. 0 ml (medium), and â€Å"iii† had 2. 0 ml (concentrated) extract each (Table 1). The contents of paired tubes were combined in the tube containing the enzyme at â€Å"time zero†. This tube was mixed by inverting twice before 1 ml was transferred to a cuvette which was placed into a Genova spectrophotometer so the rate of absorbance change at 500 nm could be calculated. The concentration which gave the largest constant absorbance change (as shown by plotting absorbance over time) was used for subsequent experiments. The slope of each line in the plot was measured to determine the rate of guaiacol oxidation. The sample containing 0. ml fulfilled this criterion (data not shown). For all trials, the â€Å"a† tubes contained 2. 0 ml H2O2 and 1. 0 ml guaiacol, and â€Å"b† tubes contained 4. 5 ml buffer and 0. 5 ml enzyme extract. These were placed into the appropriate equilibrated water bath (see below) for 5 minutes prior to mixing and measuring their absorbance changes. For the temperature experiment, water baths were equilibrated at the desired temperatures of 4. 5oC, 10oC, 22. 5oC, 50oC and 80oC. To create the 4oC temperature, a beaker of water was placed in the refrigerator. Both â€Å"a† and â€Å"b† tubes were placed in racks in the appropriate water bath for 5 minutes prior to the time for them to be mixed together. Mixing was performed as described above, and the spectrophotometer was again used at 500 nm light. To determine if high temperature will alter results by degrading reagents (such as causing H2O2 to spontaneously release oxygen or make guaiacol oxidize independently of enzyme activity), we created a duplicate control tube (Table 1) and heated it to 80oC for 15 minutes. This negative control id not show an increase in absorption compared with the unheated control tube, so we concluded that the temperatures only affect molecule movements in the experiment. A similar test was done with the 4oC temperature and again no difference was measured. Three replicates were for each temperature. Rate of absorption change was established for each, and standard deviations between trials at each temperature were determined using Excel 2000 so ftware. RESULTS The positive control turned brown / beige constantly and continuously over about 1. 5 minutes. This was quite apparent to the naked eye. Controls exposed to high or low temperature without enzymes present did not show a different absorption than the control that remained at room temperature (data not shown). Reaction rate at lower temperatures was lowest at 4. 5oC at 0. 25 A500/min. This increased as temperature rose until a peak rate of 0. 52 A500/min at room temperature (22. 5oC) was noticed. At 50oC, the rate of oxidation declined to0. 39 A500/min and a reaction rate of 0. 05 A500/min was measured at 80oC (Figure 1). DISCUSSION The results indicate that enzyme activity does indeed increase as the temperature of the reaction is raised. The optimal temperature must lie between 10 and 50oC, but most likely is near temperature, possibly slightly cooler as turnips naturally grow in temperate climates (Pollock 2009). Enzymes are typically structured to function in a particular environment; usually one in which it normally functions (Russell and others 2010). The large standard deviation noticed for values collected at 10oC suggests that the true optimum may lie below room temperature. More measurements at this temperature could refine these values, giving a more precise average at this temperature. To find the optimal reaction temperature more accurately, a series of temperature intervals, perhaps 2oC apart and spanning 10oC to 50oC could be measured. It would be interesting to compare the precise optimal temperature for turnip peroxidase activity to the average temperature at which turnips naturally grow. A study that compares this to a peroxidase extracted from a tropical plant might also prove to be interesting. Investigating the reversibility of a weak thermal denaturation might also prove interesting. Thermal energy probably affects weak bonds, such as the hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and ionic associations, to the largest extent (Russell and others 2010). Denaturation might be prevented by stabilization with covalent linkages within and between polypeptide strands (Anfinsen and Haber 1961). Enzymes that are particularly susceptible to thermal damage are often supported by chaperonins or other proteins which can repair the denatured enzymes (Morimoto and others 2009). We plan to next identify the effects of denaturation, and whether it can be reversed by subsequent cooling. SUMMARY Plant peroxidases cause peroxides to break down and release oxygen. The rate of oxygen release can be calculated by observing the amount of oxidation that occurs with guaiacol insolution with peroxidase and its substrate. Enzyme activity was determined at 4oC, 10oC, 22oC, 50oC, and 80oC by measuring darkening of guaiacol. The highest amount of oxidation was recorded at 22oC. Enzyme activity was absent at 80oC, suggesting the enzyme denatured at this temperature. Enzyme activity correlates with the cool temperate conditions natural for this plant.

Pity or Positive Disabled advertising today Essay

Pity or Positive Disabled advertising today - Essay Example This essay "Pity or Positive? Disabled advertising today" outlines the image of the disabled people in the media and commercials and their visibility. Studies and reports have found that it is advantageous to mainstream disability and to include disabled people in advertisements. Reports also reveal that mutual benefits can be gained when companies use ads that feature people with disabilities. Advertising (2001) reports: These ads were breaking fresh ground, partly because they were not from charities or rights commissions, but less expectedly from commercial organizations that were using disability to convey a message about their brand. By choosing disability as its subject, the Co-op Bank ad was reminding people of its ethical values. The Coca Cola ad was giving the brand, not known for having roots in football, real credibility among football fans. Freeserve was using a disabled person as a metaphor for capability and accomplishment. But in using images of disability to convey su ch messages about their brands, these advertisers also broke ground in the subtext about what they said about disability.† Many have grasped the negative perception caused by the lack of exposure of disabled persons in the media. Hence, they fear that they will feel uncomfortable around those with disabilities. When advertisements show disabled individuals in everyday surroundings and situations, these fears are alleviated. The audience starts to see the truth—that those with disabilities are really not that different from those who do not have these disabilities.

The Evolution of Firm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Evolution of Firm - Essay Example Definition of transaction Transaction costs include the costs that are incurred during the process of looking for the best or most appropriate client or partner or even supplier, the costs incurred in the establishment an apparently ‘tamperproof’ contract, together with the monitoring costs as well as the enforcement of the contract’s implementation. Nevertheless, transaction costs is also referred to as costs of coordination. The total costs that are incurred by a firm has two components which are costs of production and costs of transaction. The costs of transaction involve all the information that is required for the purposes of coordination individuals’ work and equipment that do then principal processes. On the other hand, costs of production include the costs that are incurred from the other primary or even physical processes that are needed in the creation and distribution of the services or goods that are being made. Firms experience difficulties or problems with the market that compels them to do in house goods production. It is used when the market appears to be favorable or conducive (Milgrom, 2007, p.83). Transaction cost characteristics Transaction cost economics, usually abbreviated as ‘TCE,’ is the same as game theory whereby it is assumed that all the parties to a contract have an understanding of the strategic position and will put themselves in a good position; however, the difference between TCE and the game theory comes up because the incompleteness of the contracts sets in as the rationality’s limits becomes obligatory in relation to the complexity of transactions. Transaction cost economics uses authority as a means of deterring ‘bad games.’ The major characteristics of TCE include: Bounded... This essay offers a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the theory of the transaction cost economics, and also describe ever-changing role of firms in the economy during history. This paper also reviews business activity of The Jamaica Broilers Group of Companies from the position of the transaction cost economics. Globalization plays a very crucial role in the present world. Specialists are coming up as the firms do not see the importance of vertical integration any longer. There was introduction of new transport modes such as air travel as well as interstate trucking. The issue of communication was enhanced substantially by the introduction of computer. Banks now have large amount of money available for the purposes of investment on the basis of the ability of the firm to be capable of paying back. Transaction costs include the costs that are incurred during the process of looking for the best or most appropriate client or partner or even supplier, the costs incurred in the establishment a perfect contract, together with the monitoring costs as well as the enforcement of the contract’s implementation. Transaction costs is also referred to as costs of coordination. The major characteristic of the transaction cost economics is a principle of bounded rationality: this is a principle that the decision-makers should work under some unavoidable constraints The Jamaica Broilers Group of Companies used tapered integration that is a combination of the using of the market, which is buy and make and vertical integration.