The Democratic Republic of Congo Compared to the United States of America Essay Example

The Democratic Republic of Congo Compared to the United States of America Essay In a war torn nation, for example, the Democratic Republic of Congo in Africa, there are various complex reasons why it is still right up 'til the present time a poor country. The focal African nation is circumscribed by various countries with whom it has had clashes. There have been various complex reasons, including clashes over essential assets, for example, water, access and authority over rich minerals and different assets like oil, and different political plans. This has been filled and bolstered by different national and global organizations and different systems which have an enthusiasm for the result of the contention. There are clear measurable contrasts in why the Democratic Republic of Congo (D. R. C. ) is such a great amount of something contrary to the United States (U. S. ). Contrasting these two spots will show Just how poor and clashed the DRC is to the U. S. The D. R. C. also, the U. S. have moderately high outside outer obligations, yet the U. S. is particularly higher. As per the Central Intelligence Agency (C. I. A. ) site on nation insights, the U. S. owes generally $17 trillion today, though the D. R. C. , as of December 31st, 2012 just owes $6 billion. The United States gives around $428 million dollars every year to the D. R. C in financial and military help. In contrasting their Gross Domestic Products (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNI, officially GNP) with the U. S. , there is a huge distinction. Gross domestic product at buyers costs is the whole of gross worth included by every single occupant maker in the economy, in addition to any item assessments and less any sponsorships excluded from the estimation of the items. Despite the fact that the D. R. C. has a colossal all out GDP of $27. 3 billion USD, their GDP per capita that is spent on every individual a year is just $271. 97 USD (World Bank). The U. S. has a complete GDP of $15. 94 trillion with the GDP for every capita at $50,700 GNI is the whole of significant worth included by every occupant maker, in addition to any item (C. I. A. ). charges excluded from the valuation of yield, in addition to net receipts of essential pay. As indicated by the World Health Organiza tion (WHO), the D. R. C. has an absolute GNI of $24. 53 billion USD and a for each capita GNI of just $340. The U. S. in examination has an absolute GDI of $16. 77 trillion and per capita GNI of $43,743. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Democratic Republic of Congo Compared to the United States of America explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Democratic Republic of Congo Compared to the United States of America explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The Democratic Republic of Congo Compared to the United States of America explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In seeing how their GDP and GDI can be so a lot higher contrasted with what they give their kin I will give other financial measurements on their exchanging accomplices and their fundamental businesses, rops, and minerals. The D. R. C. s principle exchanging accomplices trading are China (53. 0%), Zambia (24. 5%), and Belgium (7. 9%) and in bringing in they are South Africa (21. 4%), China (15. 1%), and Belgium (7. 9%) (C. I. A. ). D. R. C. s primary businesses are mining, mineral handling, customer items, for example, materials, plastics, footwear, and cigarettes, metal items, prepared food and beverages, wood, concrete, and business transport fix. Their primary yields are espresso, sugar, palm oil, elastic, tea, cotton, cocoa, quinine, cassava, bananas, plantains, peanuts, root harvests, and corn. Principle minerals incorporate cobalt, copper, jewels, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, uranium, coal, niobium, tantalum, and oil. The United States in examination tolls much better off than the D. R. C. Our fundamental exchanging accomplices trading are from China (19%), Canada (14. 1%), Mexico (12%), Japan (6. 4%), and Germany (4. 7%). The U. S. s principle businesses are oil, steel, engine vehicles, aviation, media communications, synthetic substances, hardware, food handling, shopper products, wood, and mining. Our fundamental harvests are wheat, corn, organic products, vegetables, and cotton nd our principle minerals are coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc and oil (C. I. A. ). There are likewise contrasts in the two nations. The populace in the entire U. S. consolidated is around 317 million individuals, while in the D. R. C. there are around 75 million individuals. With those figures apparently there is an a lot littler populace of individuals in the D. R. C. , yet as a general rule with the measure of land that every country incorporates, the contrasting sums are intently the equivalent. In the D. R. C. The populace thickness is 28. what's more, in the U. S. there are 34. 06 individuals. That is just approximately 5 additional individuals for each square mile in the U. S. , 34. 3% urban. The D. R. C. is the twentieth biggest country on the planet by populace with the U. S. coming in at fourth, generally 82% being urban. The future, fruitfulness, and newborn child death rates in the D. R. C. are by a long shot the greatest marker on how awful their economy and wellbeing is. With the personal satisfaction and society in general being devastated, the D. R. C. s populace on normal is just expected to live to be 56. 14 years with a 2. 54% populace development rate. In the U. S. ur future is on normal 78. 62 years with a . 09% populace development rate. With the D. R. C. having higher populace development than the U. S. , richness rates are a lot higher. The fruitfulness rate in the D. R. C. is 4. 95 youngsters, per ladies though, in the U. S. our ripeness rates are 2. 6 kids, per lady. Baby death rates in the D. R. C. are 74. 87 passings out of each 1,000 live births with the U. S. just having 5. 9 passings out of each 1,000 births. In the D. R. C grown-up education rates are very low with just 66. 8% of individuals beyond fifteen years old can peruse or compose. In the United States 99% beyond fifteen years old can do as such. Access to clean water and sanitation may be one clarification regarding why the individuals of the D. R. C. have such a large number of issues. Just 45% of the D. R. C. populace has safe water to drink and approaches to remain clean, however in the U. S. ur complete populace is at 100% accessibility for clean water and sanitation (C. I. A. ). With there being wide spread destitution in the D. R. C. interchanges, the capacity to arrive at the outside world is even less alluring. Telephone utilities are possessed and worked by the degenerate government, and radio and TV transmissions are State-controlled. As indicated by a factual site that plans to encourage correlation of openly accessible information on all nations of the world, expresses that there are 2 TVs, 19 phones, and 385 radios possessed out of each 1,000 individuals in the D. R. C. contrasted with the U. S. at 1,180 TVs, 600 landline telephones, 670 PDAs, and 2,146 radios for every 1,000 individuals (Allcountries. organization)). Taking everything into account, the D. R. Cs economy being what it is, and a legislature that is filled with debasement, there is a lengthy, difficult experience in front of them. This republic government faces difficulties that remember the nearness of equipped gatherings for eastern D. R. C. , wild debasement, insufficient framework and HR, and a constrained ability to raise and oversee incomes. As indicated by the U. S. Branch of State, In attempting to energize the development and expectations for everyday comforts for the Congolese residents, the U. S has found a way to help in the D. R. C. s structure. The D. R. C. furthermore, the U. S. have a place with an International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization. The U. S. relations with the D. R. C. are solid. The U. S. international strategy in the D. R. C. is centered around helping the nation become a country that is steady and just, content with its eighbors, broadens state authority over its region, and accommodates the fundamental needs of its residents. As I would see it, the D. R. C. s government has put forth little attempt to rebuff the dissident gatherings who are liable for the disorder. The administration itself is insecure and tormented by defilement which uplifts the previously wrecking conditions. There should be genuine help for the continuous harmony procedure, and considering our partners in the locale responsib le for their activities. Being socially, strategically, lawfully, and financially engaged, I accept the residents of the D. R. C. will ascend and advance a positive change.

The New College Try by Jerome Karabel Assignment

The New College Try by Jerome Karabel - Assignment Example He keeps up in the article that these foundations serve less as vehicles of upward versatility than as transmitters of benefit from age to age and the contention has a national and global importance today. As indicated by Karabel, â€Å"Today, the opposition to get into these organizations is at a record-breaking high, and this has prompted significant issues over the financial range †chewing and inescapable nervousness among the wealthy, underrepresentation among the white collar classes and a practically absolute absence of access among the poor.† (Karabel) The creator further keeps up that the particular universities serve less as vehicles of upward portability than as transmitters of benefit from age to age, despite their picture as meritocratic signals of chance. Along these lines, I concur with the creator and bolster his contention that admission to these establishments causes a major issue over the financial range of the country today. it is basic that deciding ad vances are taken by the specialists to determine this issue and to improve the picture of these foundations as meritocratic reference points of chance. An intelligent examination of the article by Jerome Karabel affirms that the writer makes a profoundly pertinent conversation on the absence of chance for certain areas of the general public to get into our driving schools and colleges. As a person who has seen such instances of the individuals in my companion circle, I absolutely concur with the author’s contentions.

How to Hire Smart Startup Marketers

How to Hire Smart Startup Marketers It has always been one of the biggest business challenges to find, recruit, and retain the best staff.As you grow a startup, you need to grow the team.This expansion is fraught with difficulty; from cultivating the right working culture to managing tasks, communication, and collaboration across departments.I work in startup growth marketing. This means I’ve spent a lot of time with businesses during their most volatile and exciting period. The companies I work with are VC-backed and growing quickly.But success is on a knife-edge, and the marketing team is central to sustained growth.Building a great startup marketing team is no mean feat: under pressure, it becomes a huge challenge.In this article, you will learn the common mistakes made when hiring startup marketers, and you will learn which qualities are demanded from a growth marketing leader in the startup environment.COMMON MISTAKES WHEN HIRING STARTUP MARKETERSDuring my research, I searched around the major business and start up websites to get their take on the biggest startup hiring mistakes. Unfortunately, most of the advice out there is vague and questionable.A common thread is to “not hire people you know” when in fact I believe that your network is a huge asset. Naturally, you shouldn’t hire people just because you know them.But how many smart startup founders actually do that? I’d hazard a guess: not many.If you know the experience and achievements of someone in your network that would be a good fit by all means get them on board!Furthermore, I see advice on not filling roles in a rush.As any startup founder will know, this isn’t a luxury afforded to businesses during fast growth.You need to hire fast; that’s just a fact. The key is to hire fast without taking dangerous risks or disrupting a positive company culture.In this first section, I will give you insights about the mistakes I see first-hand when startups are hiring marketers during early-stage growth.I’ll also look at the ba ckground principles of recruitment, whether you’re hiring a leader or a mid-level marketer (i.e. senior executive).1. Searching for a candidate who doesn’t existI agree with one common piece of advice out there: there’s no magic candidate who fulfils multiple roles at the same time. I come across this pitfall frequently.Startup founders try to fit too much into one candidate, and this person simply doesn’t exist.They’ll look for someone who has deep experience and knowledge in programmatic ads, web analytics, and product analytics with a sideline in marketing automation, affiliates, content marketing, and graphic design.Oh, and let’s throw coding into the mix!Whilst the startup environment demands a certain “all hands to the pump” mentality, it’s unrealistic to expect one person to comprehensively cover all of these bases.We’re all human, after all.With this in mind, what should you do instead when building a startup marketing team?Narrow down and get stuck into the details of what you need and why you need it.When hiring startup marketers, I recommend focusing on the three to five most important specific areas where they can make an impact.The more specific, the better. You should think about “jobs to be done” rather than get distracted by broad skill-sets.It might sound like common sense, but you need to get the right person for the role. To help startups do this, I’ve created a methodology for refining who you need: At the start of this process, I list about two hundred specialist marketing areas. Next, I group these marketing areas into dozens of corresponding categories.I go through these categories methodically with the startup founder, and ask him or her to rate the importance of each area.The final scores are tallied-up to give an overview of what they actually need from a candidate.For example, this process might show that marketing automation is a true priority, whereas TV and Radio isn’t required at all.Without this clarity, TV and Radio experience might seem vaguely appealing to a startup founder who wants to future-proof and cover multiple bases.Here’s what the end-result might look like, after the scoring process: Source: Oren GreenbergAs you can see, this graph gives a very clear overview of the five important areas: marketing automation, paid advertising, web/product analytics, conversion rate optimization, and search marketing.In my experience, 80% of startup growth tends to come through one channel.Two at most. It’s tempting to hire for a broad range of capabilities, but even this concise graph above could be narrowed down more.If we’re looking for three to five specialisms needed for this startup, it’s marketing automation, paid advertising, and web/product analytics that should be the focus when sorting through candidates.2. Ill-defined job advertsStartups tend to emphasize attitude and cultural fit in their job adverts, and this creates a vague set of requirements. Instead, I would lean towards a more solid and detailed job description focused on competencies, skills, and technologies.Ultimately, you will need to source a pool of candidates with the right knowledge to get a resul t. The interview process will then be used to uncover good-fit potential.In addition, maintaining a “quirky” startup identity can sometimes get in the way of hiring the best talent.A title like “Head of Vision” or “Chief Engagement Officer” sounds interesting, but often limits the response because it’s unclear what you’re actually looking for.When you’re running a fast-growth startup, you need to hire quickly. You can’t afford to create ambiguity. Keep the ad simple and clear.As Martin says in his Cleverism article about writing the perfect job adverts, “titles should make use of descriptive words that anyone will immediately recognize and understand the moment they lay their eyes on it.”This will guarantee better exposure among the relevant groups of candidates.3. Hiring for the wrong strategyStartups sometimes hire perfect candidates for the wrong strategy.For example, a startup might aim to acquire customers through organic search marketing, and hire someo ne who can get results with SEO and content.However, if the competition is deemed too fierce or search volume is too low, it’s impossible to succeed by relying on this channel.If the business pivots to paid channels only, the SEO-focused marketer is no longer a good fit for the job at hand.Furthermore, product-market fit is absolutely critical and it directly impacts marketing hires. If the product isn’t performing, marketing investment just accelerates the demise of the business.Building a growth team to push a product or service without establishing its feasibility in the market is a sure-fire way to burn through cash.Whilst this is a product problem rather than a hiring problem, it’s important to stop and take stock of product-market fit before you build an expensive marketing machine.4. Recruiting people into silos If a startup organization is split into silos, even the most talented marketing recruit will find it difficult to make an impact.Full-funnel marketers rely on integrating data analysis with product, sales, design (UX/UI), and more.Without a full view of the landscape, it’s impossible to make informed decisions about content, growth channels, and marketing budget allocation.This is especially true for SaaS startups, who rely heavily on usage data to optimize acquisition and retention of customers.WHAT DO YOU NEED FROM A GROWTH LEAD?Lots of startups rush into hiring a CMO or Head of Growth. I believe that businesses in their earliest stage do need this strategic vision, advice, and experience but on a part-time or freelance basis.Startups need to remain nimble at the outset, so putting all the eggs in one basket is a risk. According to Glassdoor, the average pay packet for a CMO in the UK is £115,000.That’s high caliber. As an on-demand CMO, I often work in partnership with “acting” growth leads who are founders or co-founders.I provide advice and strategic direction for in-house teams or external agency partners, without burdenin g the business with a huge salary outlay. This setup seems to work for many startups.In my view, a startup needs to be in or beyond Series A funding before it hires a full-time Head of Growth, and in or beyond Series B funding before it hires a full-time CMO.Until that point, it’s reasonable to stitch together a part-time or outsourced team to gain experience without a heavy investment in senior staff.I usually advocate getting a specialist for two or three days per week, rather than getting a junior marketer to hack at the strategy. The latter rarely works, from my experience.Your growth lead, whether part-time or full-time, needs to be a T-shaped marketer.Put simply, this means cross-discipline competence with deep discipline expertise. It is up to the startup to figure out in which areas they need deep knowledge.In most cases, T-shaped marketers have worked at startups before; getting their hands dirty with tactical tasks in a pressured environment. Source: Benjamin SlapMost experts argue that past startup experience is required, and I tend to agree.There’s a mindset of resourcefulness, proactivity, and initiative that comes with having worked at startups. Furthermore, your growth lead should be comfortable with uncertainty.Startups are volatile and challenging, but they present an incredible opportunity if you crack the code to success.Past experience also needs to be seen in the context of industry and sector: for example, a B2B SaaS growth lead will have a very different background to a D2C eCommerce growth lead. The mindset and processes are very distinct.Strangely, I often see startups desiring development and coding skills in their job adverts for senior marketing hires.Granted, we’re living in an age where technical skills are valuable but in truth this is very rare to find.In a recent cohort of ten growth leaders I interviewed, only one candidate had hands-on coding experience. So, whilst it is desirable, startups n eed to understand that it’s unlikely.Finally, the best growth leads often have an interest (or even a trained background) in psychology and behavioral economics.This is a distinct advantage in shaping how they approach marketing strategy. It’s certainly a nice-to-have (versus must-have), but it’s worth considering the benefits of a candidate who can demonstrate knowledge of the how, why, when, and where of human behavior.KEY TAKEAWAYSRecruitment is a challenge, especially for startups. When the stakes are so high, every hire needs to be push the business forward.It can be tempting to go for a marketing generalist, but this person often doesn’t provide deep enough value in critical growth channels.Startups with limited budgets also take on juniors, in the hope that they can hack at growth.But without experienced guidance, this is a mistake.Whilst cross-discipline capability is essential for startup marketers, ideally this should be in the T-shaped format.Deep knowledge in a f ew key areas, backed by an understanding of the broader marketing landscape and the interconnectivity between different areas.It’s valuable for marketers on all levels of the ladder to grow into T-shaped professionals; this will give their team balance and broad expertise.Most importantly, startup founders and senior management should clearly define their short-term, medium-term, and long-term needs through “jobs to be done”.This will help the business hire for best-fit rather than focusing on skills in isolation.The scoring framework I outlined in the first section of this article is one way to make the recruitment process more objective, and it will help you zone-in on candidates who offer serious value in the most business-critical areas.If you’re building a startup marketing team right now, good luck and enjoy the ride! AUTHOR BIOOren Greenberg is a growth marketer and founder of the Kurve consultancy in London. He helps startups and corporate innovation projects scale using digital channels. He has written for leading marketing blogs and has been featured in the international press.

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald - 745 Words

The Great Gatsby is the novel that is based on how rich people were back in the old days. This Novel takes us through the early 1900’s where the narrator, Nick Carraway meets secretive Mr. Gatsby who is a Trimachio which means that he once was a poor young kid who believed in a greater future and by the time he gets older he becomes this very wealthy man who hosts lavish banquets. We are following Mr. Gatsby’s journey to the love of his life, Daisy who is Nick’s cousin. Since Gatsby has been gone for almost 5 years Daisy got married to another man called Tom. The novel ends with Gatsby being shot to death and no one was there to his funeral besides reporters and photographers, who Nick angrily chases out. F. Scott Fitzgerald who is the author of this novel is trying to send a message to the readers. In this novel we get to see Fitzgerald’s opinion since everything is based on how the rich people get all the big opportunities and yet still do not seem to use these possibilities fully. For instance all what Gatsby does is spending a ton of money on host parties for people who is or believe they are in a higher social class. Even though we are able to see that Fitzgerald do not like the rich people, it seems like it rankled him enough to pay so much attention on them. He once said â€Å"I have never been able to forgive the rich for being rich, and it has colored my entire life and works.† He wants to express his opinion through the stories, but in a way that the middle classShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife , and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. 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There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that

A Cohesive Well Thought Response - 2021 Words

Exam #3 is due by 11:59 p.m. by the Friday of Week 8 via LiveText - Dec. 16, 2016. Using the information you assimilated in this course, answer the following questions in a cohesive well thought response. You may use bullet points or paragraphs, but ensure your answers are complete and thorough. 1. Explain McLuhan’s claim that â€Å"The Medium is the Message†. (2 pts) McLuhan’s claim that â€Å"The Medium is the Message† signifies that the approach of a transmitted message does matter. The reason as to why is that it affects how it is obtained by recipients which can manipulate their overall perception. This dominant form of communication also influences the substance in modifying how we interact and behave alongside our values and norms. These effects happen to stem from numerous definitions of media and its content for users such as hot (filled with information lacking in participation to think and active engagement furthering passive behavior) and cold (short of data requiring mental activity to be involved) media. Ultimately, this assertion pinpoints the role of media ecology in that mass media is the sole foundation of cultural life in society. 2. Using BOTH the principles/ parts of the theory AND your own experiences, discuss Cultivation Theory AND how media intake is cumulative. (2 pts) The cultivation theory address an association of television to violence creating a pervasive impact of our view of the world. These fears, unfortunately, formulated a medium ofShow MoreRelatedJob Satisfaction and Its Consequences1577 Words   |  7 Pagesturnover. 1) Economic Conditions/Unemployment Rate. 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Servant leadership combines being able to identify and meet the needs of employees and patients by using the characteristicsRead MoreServant Leadership : A Good Leader1442 Words   |  6 PagesServant Leadership The terms servant and leader are typically thought of as being contradictory terms. However, the theory of servant leadership has started gaining more and more notoriety over the last several years. Many organizations are learning that the management and leadership styles of the past are no longer inspiring or influencing the workers of today (Hunter, 1998). Servant leadership combines being able to identify and meet the needs of employees and patients by using the characteristicsRead MoreTruly, In The United States Many Teams Building Company1042 Words   |  5 Pagestraining is developed in collaboration with the future company’s mission and values. 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The patient becomesRead MoreCommunicating Effectively As A Team In The Workforce Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent skills of others and keep the lines of communication open. The leader sh ould promote patience and convey toughness when necessary. Constructive Feedback In a study, Thompson, and Peterson found that creating teams that were reasonably cohesive were able to out bargain solos and gain on average 60% of the resources. But even in such situations, the solos were not losers (Thompson Peterson, 1997). Because of the larger scope that the teams created, the solos left with the same amount,Read MoreThe Tragedy Of The Death Of Cain And Abel Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pageshomicide has shifted as power and conflict have held different connotations and the understanding has allowed murder to be seen as significant today. â€Å"Homicides, as well as other negative interactions such as hostile takeovers or warfare, may require a reformulation and interpretation of standard network measures of centrality, power, and cohesive subgroupings†, Andrew Papachristos proposes in Murder by Structure: Dominance Relations and the Social Structure of Gang Homicide (121). Conflict and power are

History of Early Childhood Education †Comenius, Froebel, Montessori Free Essays

Paper History of Early Childhood Education Comenius, Froebel, Montessori 1. John Amos Comenius John Amos Comenius (1592-1670) was a Czech theologian, philosopher, teacher and writer who thought education could improve society. He advocated universal textbooks language and believed children would enjoy learning more if they were methodically taught in early years. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Early Childhood Education – Comenius, Froebel, Montessori or any similar topic only for you Order Now Comenius thought instruction should move from general to specific, from easy to difficult and believed to engage children with nature. He taught that education began in the earliest days of childhood, and continued throughout life. Comenius believed in four different schools for different ages: -Nursery School – birth to 6 years of age, where hands-on learning, active experiences and sensory learning are of importance. 2 -Elementary (National) – ages 6 to 12 -Latin School (Gymnasium) – ages 13 -18 -Academy – gifted ages 19-24 From his point of view teachers should present lessons at a reasonable pace, use age-appropriate instruction, keep materials constantly before a child’s eyes and use a single method of instruction at all times. Comenius rejected the conventional wisdom that children were inherently bad and that teachers needed to use corporal punishment to discipline them. 3 He was the first to promote continuing education and the first to advocate equal education for all, including women and the poor. Furthermore he wrote the Great Didactic (a textbook for curriculum and education) and was the first to use pictures in text books for teaching children (Orbis Pictus). â€Å"His philosophy of Pansophism (meaning ‘all knowledge’) attempted to incorporate theology, philosophy, and education into one. He believed that learning, spiritual, and emotional growth were all woven together† – especially in the teaching of children. â€Å"What Comenius referred to as the Via Lucis, or ‘way of light,’ was the pursuit of higher learning and spiritual enlightenment bound together. † 4 In 1641/42 he was asked to completely restructure the school system of Sweden. As the Bishop of the Unitas Fratrum, the Moravian Church, Comenius was asked to be the first President of Harvard College, but declined. He died in Amsterdam in 1670. â€Å"Comenius’s theory incorporated spiritual love of human beings with emphasis on Nature’s goodness. 5 He was a naturalistic educator who believed children were innately good and learned most effectively and efficiently by examining objects in their immediate natural environment. â€Å"Comenius anticipated many practices associated with modern child-centered progressive education. † 6 He believed that teaching should build on children’s interests and actively involve their senses. During his lifetime he published 154 books, mostly dealing with educational philosophy and theology. Known today as the ‘Father of Modern Education,’ he pioneered modern educational methods. 1Comenius Foundation, 2013, in: http://comeniusfoundation. org/pages/why-comenius/comenius-biography. php 2Essa Young (19 94), p. 36 3www. wou. edu/~girodm/foundations/pioneers. pdf, p. 106 4Comenius Foundation, 2013, in: http://comeniusfoundation. org/pages/why-comenius/comenius-biography. php 5www. wou. edu/~girodm/foundations/pioneers. pdf, p. 106 6www. wou. edu/~girodm/foundations/pioneers. pdf, p. 107 2. Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel The German educationalist Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel was born in 1782. From 1798 to 1800 he was an apprentice to a forester and surveyor in Neuhaus, and attended the University of Jena from 1800 to 1802. In 1805 Froebel briefly studied architecture in Frankfurt, got hired as a teacher and took a short course with Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi at Yverdon, where he interned from 1808 to 1810. Although he accepted certain aspects of Pestalozzi’s method – the emphasis on nature, the permissive school atmosphere and the object lesson – he believed that Pestalozzi’s theory lacked an adequate philosophical foundation. Froebel gave Pestalozzi’s object lesson a more symbolic meaning by saying that the concrete object was to stimulate recall of a corresponding idea in the child’s mind. He accepted Pestalozzi’s general method that saw schools as emotionally secure places for children, but he elevated the concept to a highly spiritual level. Like Pestalozzi, he wanted to prepare teachers who would be sensitive to children’s readiness and needs. 7 Furthermore Froebel studied languages and science at the University of Gottingen from 1810 to 1812 . He wanted to identify linguistic structures that could be applied to language instruction. From 1812 to 1816 Froebel studied mineralogy at the University of Berlin. He believed the process of crystallization, moving from simple to complex, reflected a universal cosmic law that also governed human growth and development. Froebel was influenced by two trends in the first half of the 19th century: a resurgence of philosophical idealism and the rising nationalism of the post-Napoleonic eras. Idealism emphasizes a spiritually based reality. Idealists saw the nation as embodying the world spirit on earth. During Froebel’s life, there were efforts to unite the various small German kingdoms into one large nation. He believed that an education that emphasized German traditions and folk tales would advance this cause. Froebel’s idealism was a reaction against the empiricism of Locke and Rosseau. However, his educational philosophy emphasized the dignity of child nature as recommended by Rousseau and Pestalozzi. In 1816 Froebel established the Universal German Educational Institute at Griesheim. He moved the institute to Keilhau in 1817 where it functioned until 1829. In 1818 Froebel married Henrietta Wilhelmine Hoffmeister (1780–1839), who assisted him until her death. In 1831 Froebel established an institute at Wartensee on Lake Sempach in Switzerland and then relocated the school to Willisau. Froebel next operated an orphanage and boarding school at Burgdorf. He believed that every child’s inner self contained a spiritual essence that stimulated self-active learning. He therefore designed the kindergarten system for children under the age of six (1837) that would be a prepared environment to externalize children’s interior spirituality through self-activity using play, songs, stories, and activities. He developed special materials (such as shaped wooden bricks and balls), a series of recommended activities (occupations) and movement activities (fine motor skills). This particular curriculum – now a standard part of early childhood education – stimulated children’s cognitive, social, emotional, creative and physical development. Froebel’s reputation as an early childhood educator increased and kindergartens were established throughout the German states. In 1852 Froebel passed away. By the end of the nineteenth century, kindergartens had been established throughout Europe and North America. 4 7http://education. stateuniversity. com/pages/1999/Froebel-Friedrich-1782-1852. html 3. Maria Montessori On August 31st, 1870 Maria Montessori was born at Chiaravalle, Italy. Her father, Alessandro Montessori, worked for the civil service, and her mother, Renilde Stoppani, came from an academic family and was well educated. The Montessori family moved to Rome in 1875, and the following year Maria enrolled in the local state school on the Via di San Nicolo da Tolentino. At 12, Montessori expressed her intention to attend what was called a technical school for her secondary education, which was unusual at the time as most girls who pursued secondary education studied the classics. From 1886 to 1890 she continued her studies at the Regio Instituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci, which she entered with the intention of becoming an engineer. This decision didn’t find favor with her father, who believed that the education of females should be restricted to certain subjects. Upon her graduation, Montessori was determined to enter medical school and become a doctor. Her father opposed this course—medical school was then an all-male preserve—and initially Maria was refused entry by the head of the school. 8 In 1890, with her mother’s support, Montessori obtained her father’s reluctant permission to attend the University of Rome to study physics, mathematics and natural sciences, receiving her diploma two years later. This and the Pope’s intercession enabled her to enter the College of Medicine, and she became the first woman to enter medical school in Italy. Montessori stood out not just because of her gender, but because she was actually intent on mastering the subject matter. She awarded for her work in pathology by winning a series of scholarships at medical school which, together with the money she earned through private tuition, enabled her to pay for most of her medical education. In 1895 she won a position as assistant in the University hospital. Montessori’s time at medical school was a challenge, because her male colleagues showed their disapproval of her presence and she had to work alone on dissections since these were not allowed to be done in mixed classes. But she was a dedicated student and graduated in June 1896 at the top of her class as a specialist in surgery and in the diseases of women and children. She became the first woman to qualify as a doctor in Italy, and with this distinction also became known across the country. She was immediately employed in the San Giovanni Hospital attached to the University. Later that year she was asked to represent Italy at the International Congress for Women’s Rights in Berlin, where she talked about the progress of education for women in Italy. In November 1896 Montessori added the appointment as surgical assistant at Santo Spirito Hospital in Rome to her portfolio of tasks. In 1897 she volunteered to join a research program at the psychiatric clinic of the University of Rome, and it was here that she worked alongside Giusseppe Montesano, with whom she would have a child a few years later. As part of her work at the clinic she would visit Rome’s asylums for the insane, seeking patients for treatment at the clinic. Montessori discovered that many children with mental, physical, or emotional disabilities, who couldn’t stay at home or go to school or work, were being kept in asylums alongside adults with major psychiatric disorders. She came to realize that in such a bare, unfurnished environment the children were desperate for sensorial stimulation and activities for their hands, and that this deprivation was contributing to their condition. She began to read what others had published about working with children with various disabilities and in particular she studied the groundbreaking work of two early 19th century Frenchmen, Jean-Marc Itard and Edouard Seguin, his student. 5 8A Biography of Dr Maria Montessori, in: http://montessori. org. au/montessori/biography. htm Itard had developed a technique of education through the senses, which Seguin later tried to adapt to mainstream education. Seguin emphasized respect and understanding for each individual child. He created a practical apparatus and equipment to help develop the child’s sensory perceptions and motor skills, which Montessori was later to use in new ways. From 1897-98 she attended courses in pedagogy, studying the works of Rousseau, Pestalozzi and Froebel. In 1898 Montessori was becoming known for her work with and ideas about education for children with disabilities. In 1899, she began teaching at a college for the training of female teachers, and there she further explored and discussed ideas about education. Then, in 1900, as a result of her work with children in hospitals and asylums, Montessori was asked to become the co-director of the Orthophrenic School for children with various disabilities that prevented them from doing well in regular schools. Montessori spent 2 years working at the Orthophrenic School, experimenting with and refining the materials devised by Itard and Seguin and bringing a scientific, analytical attitude to the work; teaching and observing the children by day and writing up her notes by night. In 1898 Maria gave birth to a child, a boy named Mario, who was given into the care of a family who lived in the countryside near Rome. In 1901 Montessori left the Orthophrenic School and immersed herself in her own studies of educational philosophy and anthropology. In 1904 she took up a post as a lecturer at the Pedagogic School of the University of Rome, which she held until 1908. 9 During this period Rome was experiencing rapid population growth and industrialization. In the fever of speculative development, some construction companies were going bankrupt, leaving unfinished building projects which quickly attracted squatters. One such development, which stood in the San Lorenzo district, was rescued by a group of wealthy bankers who undertook a basic restoration, dividing larger apartments into small units for impoverished working families. Many children not old enough for school or work were being left alone while their parents went to work each day. These unsupervised children were vandalizing the newly renovated buildings and getting into other kinds of trouble. This prompted the developers to approach Dr. Montessori to provide ways of occupying the children during the day to prevent further damage to the premises. Montessori grasped the opportunity and established her first Casa dei Bambini or ‘Children’s House’. What Montessori came to realize was that children who were placed in an environment where activities were designed to support their natural development had the power to educate themselves (autoeducation). By the autumn of 1908 there were five Case dei Bambini operating, four in Rome and one in Milan. Children in a Casa dei Bambini made extraordinary progress, and soon 5-year-olds were writing and reading. In the summer of 1909 Montessori gave the first training course in her approach to around 100 students. He published her first book that same year in Italy, which appeared in translation in the United States in 1912 as The Montessori Method, reaching second place on the U. S. nonfiction bestseller list. Soon afterwards it was translated into 20 different languages and has become a major influence in the field of education. A period of great expansion in the Montessori approach now followed in Europe and America. By 1933 all Montessori schools in Germany had been closed. In the same year, after Montessori refused to cooperate with Mussolini’s plans to incorporate Italian Montessori schools into the fascist youth movement, he closed them all down. 9A Biography of Dr Maria Montessori, in: http://montessori. org. au/montessori/biography. htm 6 The outbreak of civil war in Spain forced the family to abandon their home in Barcelona, and they sailed to England in the summer of 1936. From England the refugees travelled to the Netherlands. In 1939 Montessori and her son Mario traveled to India to give a 3-month training course in Madras followed by a lecture tour; they were not to return for nearly 7 years. With the outbreak of war, as Italian citizens, Mario was interned and Montessori put under house arrest. She was well looked after in India, where she met Gandhi, Nehru and Tagore. Her 70th birthday request to the Indian government, that Mario should be released and restored to her, was granted. Together they trained over a thousand Indian teachers. In 1946 they returned to the Netherlands. A year later Montessori addressed UNESCO on the theme ‘Education and Peace’. In 1949 she received the first of three nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. Her last public engagement was in London in 1951 when she attended the 9th International Montessori Congress. On May 6th 1952, at the holiday home of the Pierson family in the Netherlands, she passed away in the company of her son, Mario, to whom she bequeathed the legacy of her work. 10 10A Biography of Dr Maria Montessori, in: http://montessori. org. au/montessori/biography. htm 7 References: A Biography of Dr Maria Montessori, in: http://montessori. rg. au/montessori/biography. htm Comenius Foundation, 2013, in: http://comeniusfoundation. org/pages/why-comenius/comeniusbiography. php E. M. Standing, Maria Montessori: Her Life and Work (New York 1984), p. 38. Essa, E. Young, R. (2003). Introduction to early childhood education (3rd Can. ed. ). Nelson: Canada Friedrich Froebel (1782–1852) – Biography, Froebel’s Kindergarten Philosophy, The Kindergarten Curriculum, Diffusion of the Kindergarten, in: http://education. stateuniversity. com/pages/1999/Froebel-Friedrich-1782-1852. html Julia Maria, â€Å"’Le Feminisme Italien: entrevue avec Mlle. Montessori†, How to cite History of Early Childhood Education – Comenius, Froebel, Montessori, Essay examples

Relationship between Literature and Gender in A Room Of One’s Own Essay Example

Relationship between Literature and Gender in A Room Of One’s Own Essay How does Woolf understand the relationship between literature, sex and gender in A Room Of One’s Own? The relations between literature and gender are historically complicated with issues of economic and social discrimination. Woman’s writing is still a relatively new area, and Woolf examines how their creativity has been hampered by poverty and oppression. Women have not produced great works like those of Shakespeare, Milton and Coleridge, and she sees this as a result not only of the degrading effects of patriarchy on the mind but of the relative poverty of the female sex. A woman ‘must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction. ’ Men have historically fed money back into the systems that keep them in power, and made it legally impossible for a woman to have her own money. The narrator’s two meals at ‘Oxbridge’ illustrate the institutional sexism in the education system, with the poorer woman’s college providing a mediocre meal compared to the one at the men’s. Furthermore, a woman’s traditional role as a child bearer leaves no time to earn; and without such independence, women are shut up in the houses of their husbands or fathers without the privacy needed to write without interruptions. Woolf demonstrates such interruptions within the text as the narrator’s thoughts are often hindered; she has an idea which is ‘exciting and important’ which is forgotten as ‘the figure of a man rose up to intercept me. ’ She is forbidden to enter the library, a strong symbol of the denial of education and knowledge to women. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between Literature and Gender in A Room Of One’s Own specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between Literature and Gender in A Room Of One’s Own specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between Literature and Gender in A Room Of One’s Own specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In considering the extent and effect of these inequalities, she discovers that she has been thinking not objectively but with anger. Although ‘one does not like to be told that one is naturally the inferior of a little man,’ she is aware that anger disrupts what should be a clear and rational mind. However, it appears that the men in power, the ‘professors,’ are also angry. They insist quite aggressively upon the inferiority of woman, but Woolf believes that the professor is in fact ‘not concerned with their inferiority, but with his own superiority. Without confidence we are but ‘babes in the cradle,’ and the quickest way to gain this invaluable quality is simply by ‘thinking that other people are inferior to oneself. ’ Thus the narrator see’s the professor’s degradation of woman as a ‘looking glass’ effect, with a woman serving to reflect the figure of a man ‘at twice his natural size. â€⠄¢ With her five hundred pounds a year, the narrator has a personal and creative freedom which allows her to be detached and objective. While woman in fiction tend to be of ‘utmost importance,’ in real life they are ‘completely insignificant. In order to believe in himself the patriarch must not have his power challenged; and this accounts for the wider societal hostility towards the woman writer. Like Currer Bell and Mary Shelly, women are forced into anonymity by the sense of chastity dictated to them. For society met the woman writer, unlike the male, not with ‘indifference but hostility. ’ Such brutal hostility is indeed why it would be near impossible for a sixteenth century woman to write the works of Shakespeare. Woolf uses a hypothetical example of a fictional sister of Shakespeare, Judith, to illustrate this. She has the same gift as her bother, but she wouldn’t have been send to school. She would have been told to mend stockings when caught reading; she would have to hide her work. To escape a forced marriage, Judith would run away, and at the stage door when she said she wanted to act, as her brother had, ‘men laughed in her face. ’ Alone and now an outcast, she would have inevitably ended up with child, a broken chastity which severed completely her from the wider world. Driven to madness and then suicide, she would die in obscurity. Indeed society’s outcasts are often such women, who, suffering with their gift, are taken to near madness as that figure of a man always rises to intercept them. The tales of those who are on the fringes of society are of ‘witches;’ perhaps suppressed poets and novelists who were ‘crazed with the torture’ that their gift had caused them. A sixteenth century woman with Shakespeare’s gift would have ‘ended her days in some lonely cottage outside the village, half witch, half wizard, feared and mocked at. Such women are so far from the normal expectations of femininity that they are stripped of humanity and made unnatural half male and female, ‘witch and wizard. ’ With the ‘enormous body of masculine opinion’ against her intellectual capabilities, a woman would have her mind ‘strained and her vitality lowered. ’ While Shakespeare’s mind was ‘incandescent,’ allowing intellectual freed om and genius, a woman’s mind will be like of Lady Winchilsea; ‘harassed and distracted with hates and grievances. ’ Lady Winchilsea suffered from these hates and her poems show it. Her feelings seem inevitable given the ‘sneers and the laughter’ that a woman writer would experience. Duchess Margaret of Newcastle was certainly called mad, her untutored intelligence running out in ‘torrents of rhyme and prose,’ her wits ‘turned with solitude and freedom. ’ For Judith, ‘had she survived, whatever she had written would have been twisted and deformed, issuing from a strained and morbid imagination. ’ And it would have been deemed insignificant. The narrator asserts that the values of woman often differ from the values of men and ‘yet is it the masculine values that prevail. This is invariably transferred from life to fiction, and if the writer is to explore their world, then the feelings of woman in a drawing room make for an insignificant book, not as valuable as a book about war. In order to write War and Peace, Tolstoi’s many and varied experiences of the world were invaluable, and he could not have written is if he had lived in the seclusion of Eliot or the Bronte’s. This is why Austen writes with so much integrity, simply using her many observations of the common sitting room, where ‘personal relations were always before her eyes. Anger interferes with the integrity of Charlotte Bronte, and the narrator believes that we ‘constantly feel an acidity which is a result of oppression,’ in her writing. More importantly however, like other woman novelists she is distracted and changed by patriarchal criticism. The female novelist ended up ‘thinking of something other then the thing in itself,’ by ‘admitting that she was ‘only a woman’ or protesting that she was ‘as good as a man. ’ The criticism makes them acutely aware of their gender, with the following anger causing them to write about themselves, not their subjects. Austen and Emily Bronte did not alter their values ‘in deference to the opinions of others. ’ They have lasted because they wrote ‘as woman write, not as men write. ’ The man’s sentence, though perfect for Johnson and Dickens, is ‘unsuited for a woman’s use,’ and Austen adapted it to what felt natural for her. The shape of a novel is also built by men, but while other forms of literature were hardened and set in a male dominated literary tradition the novel was ‘young enough to be soft in her hands. Women wrote novels because they were adapted to their needs, and ‘framed so that they do not need long hours of steady and uninterrupted work. ’ The nineteen year old Mary Shelly was a silent listener amongst her husband’s intellectual circle. Self educated, she wrote Frankenstein which was published in 1818, however many believed it to be her husbands work as a young girl could surly not write such a dark stor y. John Wilson Crokers review said the author could be as mad as his hero. Her protagonist, Victor Frankenstein, locks himself in seclusion to create. His creation, like Shelly’s novel, is in itself a hideous progeny, a name she gave to her own novel which seemed at the time to be so unfeminine’ as to be monstrous. But for or the female novelist expressing values thought of as just feminine and thus so far unexplored by the great male writers, ‘so much as been left out, unatempted’ Mary Cavendish’s Life’s Adventure begins to tentatively express the relationship between two female characters, whereas such relations are expressed by male writers ‘are too simple,’ such as Cleopatra’s simple jealously towards Octavia in Anthony and Cleopatra. For fictitious woman are shown ‘almost without exception’ just in their relation to men, which narrator points out that that is but a small part of a women’s life. Men cannot give an interesting or truthful account about the other sex who are just ‘married against their will, kept in one room, and to one occupation. ’ Therefore the ‘only possible interpreter’ is love, forcing the dramatist to view woman in the lover’s extremes of passion or bitterness. This explains the antithetical nature of woman in fiction and the few parts they play. Nevertheless, women are by far the most popular topic among male writers, and in their daily lives they sought out female company. For only a woman, the narrator believes, can show ‘some different order and system of life, and the contrast between this world and his own. ’ The natural differences would ensure that the ‘dried ideas in him would be fertilized anew. ’ It is women that renew male creative power, and so ‘every Johnson has this Thrale, and holds her fast. A woman’s own creative power ‘differs greatly from the creative power of men,’ and these differences should be nurtured as woman have the ability to see what the man cannot; himself. The narrator describes a ‘spot the size of a shilling at the back of the head which one can never see for oneself, and thus ‘a true picture of man as a whole can never be painted until a woman has describes that spot. ’ Frankenstein’s monster, though an outcast, is self educated and intelligent. However the values of the outside world dictate that his body is monstrous and he can never be accepted; one feels perhaps the anger and segregation of patriarchy, the chip in Shelly’s shoulder. And yet he shows Frankenstein to himself in resembling the darkness of his creator. The monster is a subversion of nature, not only because of his reanimated corpses limbs but because he is the child of just one parent; a father. The difference of sex should be embraced within the creative process, as ‘a mind that is purely masculine cannot create, any more then a mind that is purely feminine. Not to think specially or separately of sex is to write with an androgynous mind which is truly clear. When the narrator reads a man’s work she finds it somewhat blocked, for in asserting his own superiority he is not only ‘inhibited and self conscious’ but writing with just the male side of his brain, with a mind ‘separated into different chambers. ’ Woman not only find such books dull in their perpetual emphasis on male values, but inaccessible. Thus the perfect state in which to create is in which some ‘marriage of opposites’ has been consummated. The narrator suggests that the men of Italy working to develop fiction in the Fascist era can only produce a ‘horrid little abortion,’ with an unnatural birth in a kind of ‘incubator. ’ One is again reminded of Frankenstein’s monster which, like Fascist’s poetry, will ‘never live long,’ for ‘poetry ought to have a mother as well as a father. ’ It is therefore ‘fatal’ for a writer think of their sex. Shelly herself creates a man who unnaturally gives birth;’ thus his creation is an ‘abortion, and for it he loses his humanity. She was clearly aware of the dangerous and alienating effects of creativity. Frankenstein looks at his creation as his inferior, stressing the monsters inhumanity in an attempt to bring back his own fading humanity. The monster, who show’s him for the thoughtless creator he is, becomes a terrible looking glass. Frankenstein sees the sleeping monster as beautiful in sleep, yet horrific in waking, an antithesis which mirrors the patriarchs. An outcast, a monster, is a woman with a gift, and thus her work is ‘disfigured and deformed. Whether Shelly’s monstrous progeny is an example of this or she reflects patriarchal attitudes in the segregation of the monster, she is nevertheless an example of one who does not ‘sacrifice’ a vision for others; she writes as she wishes to write. Woolf hopes that others will take this further and acknowledge that ‘our relation is to the world of reality and not to the world of men and woman. ’ But before there can be complete integrity and equality within literature, all writers must have ‘money, and a room of ones own. ’